Secure Transmission of Radio Orbital Angular Momentum Beams Based on the Frequency Diverse Array

Ma, Jingcan; Song, Xiyao; Yao, Yuchen; Zheng, Zhennan; Gao, Xinlu; Huang, Shanguo

doi:10.1109/access.2021.3102078

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The use of sinusoidal element spacing with sinusoidal frequency distribution for a linear array was suggested in [21]. Finally, some articles proposed baseband modulation, multibeam index [22], and baseband model of FDA [23]. All these techniques are helpful, but introducing more complexity to the FDA design procedure by using complicated algorithms, limits the applicability of these structures and makes them too complex to be practical.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Joint Frequency Space Design Approach for Efficient Planar Frequency Diverse Arrays

Hasheminasab

Cheldavi

kishk³

2023

Preprint

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Antenna arrays benefit from spatial diversity, which enables the control of the pattern specifications in space. Adding frequency diversity to arrays provides an opportunity to control the beams in the Space-Time domain. Contrary to the conventional arrays, the added frequency diversity in the Frequency Diverse Arrays (FDA) leads to time-variant and range-dependent patterns. The time variation of the pattern affects both steering and auto-scanning applications. The array factor depends coherently on the frequency and spatial distributions of elements, in the same way, the spatial and time behavior of the FDA’s pattern is correlated. Due to this space-frequency coherency, an adjoint spatial-frequency design algorithm is the best approach for controlling the array's spatial and time behaviors. Although Due to the complexity of the array factor formulations in the FDA, the frequency and spatial distribution of the elements has been separately designed. This study proposes an algorithm to concurrently, allocate the location and frequency of the elements for a desired pattern. First, using some symmetry, a straightforward formulation for the array factor is obtained and used to design a symmetrical FDA for a stable and periodic scanning beam. Second, by analyzing the formulations, two important design parameters and some crucial design criteria of the FDA pattern for scanning applications are suggested, and using these parameters a designing algorithm is extracted. The novelty of the proposed approach is the simultaneous design of the location and frequency of the elements in the space-frequency plane, which results in meeting the time and spatial requirement of the pattern. Using this approach, two different planar arrays are designed, and their results are compared with those of other planar configurations. This study paves the way for a new approach to designing FDAs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Joint Frequency Space Design Approach for Efficient Planar Frequency Diverse Arrays

Hasheminasab

Cheldavi

kishk³

2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Suggestions such as using sinusoidal element spacing with sinusoidal frequency distribution for a linear array were presented in 19 . Also, articles proposed baseband modulation, multibeam index 20 , and baseband modeling of FDAs 21 . While these techniques are valuable, their complexity and reliance on complicated algorithms limit their practical applicability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint frequency space design approach for efficient planar frequency diverse arrays

Hasheminasab¹,

Cheldavi²,

Kishk³

2023

Sci Rep

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Antenna arrays offer advantages in terms of spatial diversity, allowing for control over pattern specifications in space. The incorporation of frequency diversity in arrays presents an opportunity to manipulate beams in the Space–Time domain. Unlike conventional arrays, Frequency Diverse Arrays (FDA) with added frequency diversity exhibit time-variant and range-dependent patterns. These time variations impact both steering and auto-scanning applications. The array factor is influenced by the coherent interplay between frequency and spatial distributions of elements, thereby correlating the spatial and temporal behavior of the FDA’s pattern. To address this space-frequency coherency, an adjoint spatial-frequency design algorithm is the most effective approach to controlling the array's spatial and temporal behavior. Given the complexity of the array factor formulations in FDAs, elements' frequency and spatial distribution have traditionally been designed separately. However, this study proposes an algorithm that simultaneously allocates the location and frequency of elements to achieve a desired pattern. Symmetrical FDA is initially designed using a straightforward formulation of the array factor obtained through symmetry, ensuring a stable and periodic scanning beam. Subsequently, two important design parameters and several crucial design criteria for scanning applications are suggested by analyzing the formulations. These parameters form the basis of a designing algorithm that enables the simultaneous design of element location and frequency in the space-frequency plan, thus meeting the temporal and spatial requirements of the pattern. To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm, two different planar arrays are designed, and their results are compared with those of other planar configurations. This study lays the foundation for a novel approach to designing Frequency Diverse Arrays (FDAs), opening up new possibilities in array design.

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“…On the other hand, optimizing the frequency and amplitude of elements to have more minor pattern fluctuations [20], using sinusoidal element spacing with sinusoidal frequency distribution for a linear array was suggested in [21]. Many articles proposed baseband modulation (multibeam index [22], baseband model of FDA [23]) also were investigated. Using complicated algorithms limits the applicability of these structures and makes them rather complex to be practical.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing Planar Frequency Diverse Arrays in Space-Frequency Domain

Hasheminasab

Cheldavi²,

kishk³

2022

Preprint

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Antenna arrays benefit from spatial diversity, which allows controlling the pattern specifications in space. Adding frequency diversity to the arrays initiates opportunity to control the beams in the Space-Time domain. Frequency Diverse Array (FDA) has a Range-Angle dependent pattern; therefore, the array's spatial and time behavior should be designed simultaneously for optimum performance. Due to the lack of simple array factor formulations for non-regular configurations, array geometry design has not been the primary concern in many current studies. Due to coherency between frequency and spatial distribution in FDAs, the spatial and time behavior of the pattern is correlated. Frequency diversity of the FDA leads to time-variant beam in steering and auto-scanning beam in CW applications. The present study in addition of SLL discusses two important scanning array parameters; the pattern periodicity and stability in each scan round. In this study using some symmetry rules, a straightforward formulation for the array factor is obtained and used to achieve a stable and periodic scanning beam, suggesting a novel joint space-frequency allocation scheme for the FDA. The approach allows the location and frequency of elements to be designed in the frequency-space plane that minimizes the error function, which is defined based on the time and spatial behavior of the array. Using these concepts, two arrays are designed, and their results are compared with other planar configurations. This study paves the way for a new approach to design FDAs.

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Secure Transmission of Radio Orbital Angular Momentum Beams Based on the Frequency Diverse Array

Cited by 7 publications

References 22 publications

A Joint Frequency Space Design Approach for Efficient Planar Frequency Diverse Arrays

A Joint Frequency Space Design Approach for Efficient Planar Frequency Diverse Arrays

Joint frequency space design approach for efficient planar frequency diverse arrays

Designing Planar Frequency Diverse Arrays in Space-Frequency Domain

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