Securing Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Against Collusive SSDF Attack using XOR Distance Analysis in Cognitive Radio Networks

Abstract

Cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is considered as a powerful approach to improve the utilization of scarce spectrum resources. However, if CSS assumes that all secondary users (SU) are honest, it may offer opportunities for attackers to conduct a spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack. To suppress such a threat, recent efforts have been made to develop trust mechanisms. Currently, some attackers can collude with each other to form a collusive clique, and thus not only increase the power of SSDF attack but also avoid the detection of a trust mechanism. Noting the duality of sensing data, we propose a defense scheme called XDA from the perspective of XOR distance analysis to suppress a collusive SSDF attack. In the XDA scheme, the XOR distance calculation in line with the type of “0” and “1” historical sensing data is used to measure the similarity between any two SUs. Noting that collusive SSDF attackers hold high trust value and the minimum XOR distance, the algorithm to detect collusive SSDF attackers is designed. Meanwhile, the XDA scheme can perfect the trust mechanism to correct collusive SSDF attackers’ trust value. Simulation results show that the XDA scheme can enhance the accuracy of trust evaluation, and thus successfully reduce the power of collusive SSDF attack against CSS.

Mitigation strategy against spectrum-sensing data falsification attack in cognitive radio sensor networks

“…Zhang et al 12 analyzed a generalized probabilistic soft SSDF attack model and deduced a closed-form expressions of global sensing performance at the FC. In the study by Singh et al, 13 a distance-based outlier detection approach is proposed to isolate the malicious nodes from the decision process. In the study by Ahmadfard et al, 14 a flexible structure is introduced to deal with the uncertain attacking parameters settings by attackers, and a soft-decision-based defense strategy is employed at FC to detect the attackers.…”

Reuse of Byzantine data in cooperative spectrum sensing using sequential detection

“…In [23], Jaglan et al introduced artificial neural network (ANN) at the FC thereby achieving significant improvement in detection performance and reduction in false alarm rate as compared to conventional schemes. Feng et al reported the collusive SSDF attack method and proposed a two-level (the request-level and feedback-level) and XDA defence scheme from the perspective of XOR distance analysis to defend against this attack in [24,25], respectively. Khan et al in [26] proposed a double adaptive thresholding technique in order to differentiate legitimate users from doubtful and malicious users.…”

An SETM Algorithm for Combating SSDF Attack in Cognitive Radio Networks

“…Wang et al [1] have advocated certificate-based trust worth respect for the behaviour of SUs in a distributed manner. Feng et al [5] have presented an XOR distance analysis to suppress the collusive SSDF attack. Zhao et al have addressed a dynamic collusive SSDF attack based on a trust fluctuation clustering analysis to measure the similarities between two attackers that reflect the trust values [6].…”