Security in Digital Aeronautical Communications A Comprehensive Gap Analysis

Mäurer, Nils; Guggemos, Tobias; Ewert, Thomas; Gräupl, Thomas; Schmitt, Corinna; Grundner-Culemann, Sophia

doi:10.1016/j.ijcip.2022.100549

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…ATC and aircraft voice communication must be maintained, and this is the duty of VHF and CPDLC [34]. CPDLC uses VHF data-link for message-based communication, whereas VHF is used for voice-based communication.…”

Section: Overview Of Aviation Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advancements in ADS-B Security: A Comprehensive Survey of Vulnerabilities, Mitigation Strategies, System Requirements, and Emerging Research Trends

Ahmed,

Anwar Bhatti,

Masood

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) protocol stands as a cornerstone in modern aviation surveillance and Aircraft Traffic Control systems, integral to the NextGen project initiated by the US Department of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in 2005. ADS-B utilizes data links to autonomously broadcast Aircraft navigational and identification information to augment air transportation system capacity and safety. However, concerns regarding the protocol's security persist, particularly as its adoption expands. The unencrypted nature of transmitted aircraft data and the absence of robust authentication mechanisms render the protocol susceptible to exploitation by malicious actors. In this study, we comprehensively reviewed existing research in the field, identifying a crucial gap necessitating a holistic survey. Prior surveys have predominantly focused on specific aspects, such as vulnerabilities, attacks, or critiques of existing solutions. Our survey addresses this gap by thoroughly exploring the aviation system, providing readers with a nuanced understanding of ADS-B security. Utilizing a detailed SWOT analysis diagram, our paper delves into the vulnerabilities inherent in the ADS-B protocol outlines potential threats and scrutinizes various attack scenarios. We systematically categorize and analyze existing security solutions, considering cost-effectiveness, scalability, implementation complexity, and coverage against diverse attack vectors. Furthermore, we critically evaluate these solutions, elucidate ADS-B security requirements, discuss current challenges, and propose future research directions. This survey serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners alike, shedding light on the multifaceted landscape of ADS-B security and paving the way for enhanced aviation system resilience in the face of evolving cybersecurity threats.

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Section: Overview Of Aviation Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Digital Satellite Communication Networks (DSCN) facilitate and enable satellite network operations. The protocol used for navigation and communication is called DSCN [30,34]. ILS, DME, and VOR are used to help in landing and navigation.…”

Section: Overview Of Aviation Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancements in ADS-B Security: A Comprehensive Survey of Vulnerabilities, Mitigation Strategies, System Requirements, and Emerging Research Trends

Ahmed,

Anwar Bhatti,

Masood

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…With the development of China's civil aviation [1] and civil aircraft industry [2] in recent years, avionics equipment [3] has become an essential component of modern aviation, playing a crucial role in the performance and safety of aircraft [4]. To accomplish flight, all the essential independent communication equipment [5] must occupy specific places in the cabin, including short-wave communication, ultra-short-wave communication [6], satellite communication [7], and data link [8], which leads to the overload of cabin equipment space and carrying capacity. Consequently, aviation-integrated communication equipment [9,10] emerged as the times required.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on the Heat Dissipation in Aviation-Integrated Communication Equipment Based on Graphene Films

Qian,

Liu,

Zhao

et al. 2024

Aerospace

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Aviation-integrated communication equipment is integral to modern aircraft to ensure its performance and safety. The heat dissipation problems of equipment have become increasingly prominent for the high electronic integration and system power consumption. To solve the above problem, the heat dissipation performance of aviation-integrated communication equipment based on graphene films is deeply studied. This paper establishes a three-dimensional model of aviation-integrated communication equipment to simulate the distribution of temperature fields. The influence between aluminum alloy and graphene films on the surface of magnesium alloy on the heat dissipation performance of aviation-integrated communication equipment is studied. The simulation results show that the heat balance time of the equipment using graphene films on the surface of magnesium alloy is reduced from 3600 s to 800 s, representing an approximately 77.78% improvement; the measured equipment exhibited a reduction in its overall thermal equilibrium temperature, decreasing from 68.1 °C to 66.3 °C, representing an improvement of approximately 2.64%.

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“…Current Air Traffic Management (ATM) suffers from three major issues: (1) analogue voice communications result in increased workload in the flight deck and on ground, allow for misunderstandings and are spectrum inefficient, (2) spectrum is scarce, especially in the Very High Frequency Band (VHF) band leading to the current digital terrestrial system -the VHF Datalink Mode 2 (VDLm2) -already reaching its capacity limits and (3) most combinations of aeronautical datalinks, network layer and applications lack any cybersecurity measures, resulting in a large attack surface [1]- [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One cornerstone hereby is the introduction of spectrum efficient, secure, broadband datalinks, raising the current available bandwidth from few kbps to Mbps and adding security to the link layer. Additionally, end-to-end connectivity is transitioning from the "plain old" ACARS to the Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN)/IP-Protocol Suite (IPS), where IPv6 is used to route traffic from air traffic controller to the aircraft [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Control-Channel Security for the Aeronautical Communications System LDACS

Mäurer

Gräupl

Schmitt

2023

2023 IEEE 24th International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM)

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Since Air Traffic Management (ATM) is still conducted largely via analogue voice communications, the digitization of data transmission is crucial to automate and secure ATM in civil aviation. For that purpose, several new digital data links are developed. The continental, terrestrial long-range candidate is the L-band Digital Aeronautical Communications System (LDACS), which is a cellular, ground-based digital communications system for flight guidance and communications related to the safety and regularity of flight. The security of LDACS has been the focus of recent works, however, the problem to secure data on its small control-channels remains unsolved. The objective of this work is to propose slim and efficient security measures to protect data on the LDACS control-channels and evaluate their security and performance impact. First, via a 3pass instancing of the ISO/IEC 11770-3:2021 "Key agreement mechanism 7" protocol, keys to secure LDACS control-channels are established between air and ground radios. Second, via these point-to-point keys and point-to-multipoint group keys, the control-channels are secured. Thereby the limitations set by the limited bandwidth are respected and cryptographic overhead optimized. Finally, the security of our proposal is validated using a symbolic model with the Tamarin proof system. Also, via computer simulations, the LDACS performance impact of the control-channel security solutions is evaluated.

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Security in Digital Aeronautical Communications A Comprehensive Gap Analysis

Cited by 12 publications

References 37 publications

Advancements in ADS-B Security: A Comprehensive Survey of Vulnerabilities, Mitigation Strategies, System Requirements, and Emerging Research Trends

Advancements in ADS-B Security: A Comprehensive Survey of Vulnerabilities, Mitigation Strategies, System Requirements, and Emerging Research Trends

Research on the Heat Dissipation in Aviation-Integrated Communication Equipment Based on Graphene Films

Efficient Control-Channel Security for the Aeronautical Communications System LDACS

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