“…WSN middleware exists in many aspects of computer science, including artificial intelligence, computer systems and networks, security, database systems, human–computer interaction, vision and graphics, numerical analysis, programming languages, software engineering, bioinformatics, and the theory of computing [ 39 ]. WSNs are also employed in applications related to urban [ 40 ] and rural [ 41 ] projects, outdoor [ 42 ] and indoor [ 34 , 43 ] tracking, environmental monitoring [ 44 ], disaster monitoring [ 45 ], water quality [ 46 ], habitat monitoring [ 47 ], traffic monitoring [ 48 ], earthquake detection [ 49 ], volcano eruption [ 50 ], agriculture [ 51 ], weather forecasting [ 52 ], smart water management [ 53 ], smart cities [ 54 ], smart health [ 55 ], smart energy management [ 56 ], smart traffic management [ 57 ], smart retail [ 58 ], smart security [ 59 ], smart waste management [ 60 ], smart education [ 61 ], and smart homes [ 62 ].…”