“…landrightswatch.net). Critics point to risks inherent in the formalisation process itself, including the high costs involved, the tendency of land markets to accentuate wealth differentiation, the problem of formalising existing inequalities, and the potential for opportunistic land acquisition by the elite that may precede formalisation (see for instance Benjaminsen, 2002;Mathieu, 2002;Benda-Beckmann, 2003;Benjaminsen and Sjaastad, 2003;Cousins et al, 2005). However, these reservations with regard to the potential benefits of the de Soto/ILD approach to formalisation are based on knowledge about previous experiences with top-down formalisation programmes as well as of customary tenure systems and what would be anticipated results on these systems.…”