Sedation and Anesthesia in Rodents

Bennett, Katarina; Lewis, Kathleen N.

doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2021.08.013

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Table 2 Guideline for Injectable Anesthetics in Rodents (Bennett &Lewis, 2022 andNavarro et al, 2021) For example, according to Table 2, for a 20-g mouse, the amount of pentobarbital to inject is 0.020 kg × 40 to 70 mg/kg = 0.8 to 1.4 mg 6. Manually restrain the animal and inject the selected dose intraperitoneally (Donovan & Brown, 2005).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mouse and Rat Anesthesia and Analgesia

Oh,

Narver

2024

Current Protocols

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Anesthesia and analgesia play pivotal roles in ethically and humanely using animal models in research, especially concerning mice and rats. These rodent species, extensively utilized in scientific investigations due to their genetic resemblance to humans, serve as invaluable tools for studying diseases and testing treatments. Proper anesthesia and analgesia not only prioritize animal welfare but also heighten experimental validity by minimizing stress‐induced physiological responses. Recent years have seen remarkable advancements in anesthesia for mice and rats. The focus has shifted away from the ‘one size fits all’ toward tailoring anesthesia protocols, considering factors like age, strain, and the nature of the experimental procedure. The use of inhalation agents such as isoflurane and sevoflurane is often preferred due to their rapid induction and recovery characteristics, allowing precise control over anesthesia depth. However, refinements in injectable anesthetic agents also provide researchers the flexibility to select suitable agents based on study requirements. Additionally, progress in analgesic techniques has led to effective pain management strategies for these rodents. Common analgesics such as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and local anesthetics are administered to alleviate pain and discomfort. However, standard practice also involves continuous monitoring of animals' behavior and physiological parameters, ensuring timely adjustments in analgesic regimens for optimal pain relief without compromising experimental outcomes. By integrating tailored anesthesia and analgesia protocols into the experimental design, researchers uphold high animal welfare standards while obtaining reliable scientific data. This contributes significantly to advancing medical knowledge and therapeutic interventions with reproducible results. Published 2024. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Injectable anesthesia for mouse and ratBasic Protocol 2: Inhalant anesthesia using isoflurane for mouse and ratBasic Protocol 3: Analgesia for mice and rats

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mouse and Rat Anesthesia and Analgesia

Oh,

Narver

2024

Current Protocols

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“…When observing the depth of general anesthesia in animals, when the tail is pinched, the animal's pawing movement in response or the movement of the head towards the stimulus as a positive response to the stimulus is evaluated to tell us that the anesthesia is not deep enough and it is too early to start the procedure. As a benzodiazepine, pentobarbital provides sedation between 80-95 minutes in rats (40-50 mg/kg) and 10-300 minutes in mice (40-70 mg/kg) with intraperitoneal (IP) administration (7,8). It depresses the central nervous system by potentiating gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors (9).…”

Section: Injectable Anesthetics In Rodentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most commonly used agents are ketamine and xylazine in rats (40-90 mg/kg ketamine / 5-10 mg/kg xylazine), and in mice (60-100 mg/kg ketamine / 5-10 mg/kg xylazine). Ketamine and xylazine, which can be administered IP and intramuscularly (IM), provide 45-90 minutes of sedation in rats and 30-45 minutes of sedation in mice (7,8). Ketamine provides anesthetic effects by providing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism and agonistic effects on GABA receptors (10).…”

Section: Injectable Anesthetics In Rodentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anesthesia Applications In Experimental Neurological Disease Modeling

Çetinkaya,

Çelik

2024

Düzce Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi

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Neuroscience, which covers the molecular mechanisms employed by the brain to cause neurological diseases and how they can be treated, remains current as the subject of high-budget investigations to develop early diagnosis and new treatment modalities with multidisciplinary approaches. For this purpose, creating the appropriate model with the correct modality and anesthesia in neurological in vivo experimental models is the most important phase to obtain accurate results and ensure animal welfare. To manage anesthesia in rodents, knowing the physiological characteristics of anesthetics and their risks will strengthen experimental procedures. Among the injectable anesthetics, ketamine, xylazine, and pentobarbital are the most frequently preferred agents for general anesthesia in short surgical procedures. Isoflurane and sevoflurane are inhaler anesthetics that are administered through a vaporizer because they are liquids. Important advantages of inhaled anesthetics, such as rapid induction and rapid withdrawal, make inhaled anesthetics stand out in neuroscience studies. In this review, the properties of frequently used anesthetic agents in rodents, their usage methods, and which model they are preferred will be discussed. For this purpose, the selection of appropriate anesthetics in animal models such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and ophthalmic surgical procedures and their side effects will be reviewed.

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confidence: 99%

“…In the past decades, various narcosis regimens have been proposed and successfully established for rodents 13,14 . The combinations of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl (MMF) 13,15,16 as well as isoflurane and fentanyl (IF) are among the most popular regimens for in vivo cardiovascular studies 17 . Utilization of medetomidine has been reported to cause cardiocirculatory depression in small and large animals, ranging from bradycardia up to third-degree AV block and even arrhythmia 16,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Medetomidine/midazolam/fentanyl narcosis alters cardiac autonomic tone leading to conduction disorders and arrhythmias in mice

et al. 2023

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Arrhythmias are critical contributors to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therapies are mainly symptomatic and often insufficient, emphasizing the need for basic research to unveil the mechanisms underlying arrhythmias and to enable better and ideally causal therapies. In translational approaches, mice are commonly used to study arrhythmia mechanisms in vivo. Experimental electrophysiology studies in mice are performed under anesthesia with medetomidine/midazolam/fentanyl (MMF) and isoflurane/fentanyl (IF) as commonly used regimens. Despite evidence of adverse effects of individual components on cardiac function, few data are available regarding the specific effects of these regimens on cardiac electrophysiology in mice. Here we present a study investigating the effects of MMF and IF narcosis on cardiac electrophysiology in vivo in C57BL/6N wild-type mice. Telemetry transmitters were implanted in a group of mice, which served as controls for baseline parameters without narcosis. In two other groups of mice, electrocardiogram and invasive electrophysiology studies were performed under narcosis (with either MMF or IF). Basic electrocardiogram parameters, heart rate variability parameters, sinus node and atrioventricular node function, and susceptibility to arrhythmias were assessed. Experimental data suggest a remarkable influence of MMF on cardiac electrophysiology compared with IF and awake animals. While IF only moderately reduced heart rate, MMF led to significant bradycardia, spontaneous arrhythmias, heart rate variability alterations as well as sinus and AV node dysfunction, and increased inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias. On the basis of these observed effects, we suggest avoiding MMF in mice, specifically when studying cardiac electrophysiology, but also whenever a regular heartbeat is required for reliable results, such as in heart failure or imaging research.

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Sedation and Anesthesia in Rodents

Cited by 9 publications

References 64 publications

Mouse and Rat Anesthesia and Analgesia

Mouse and Rat Anesthesia and Analgesia

Anesthesia Applications In Experimental Neurological Disease Modeling

Medetomidine/midazolam/fentanyl narcosis alters cardiac autonomic tone leading to conduction disorders and arrhythmias in mice

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