Sedation and Local Anesthesia as an Alternative to General Anesthesia in 3 Birds

Lee, Amber; Lennox, Angela M.

doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2016.03.012

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Benzodiazepines such as midazolam are commonly used as preanaesthetic agents and for sedation in birds, but are only sedatives and do not produce anaesthesia or immobilisation when used on their own 25 . Midazolam is short acting, can be administered through a variety of routes, and is preferred over the longer‐acting diazepam 27 . In geese ( Branta canadensis ), high doses of midazolam have been found to produce sufficient sedation to facilitate restraint for diagnostic procedures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other species, midazolam has good oral bioavailability 29 . In general, published dosage recommendations for birds vary from 0.1 to 2 mg/kg, with lower dosages advocated for the IV route 27 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Butorphanol is a mixed agonist/antagonist with low activity at the mu‐receptor, but strong agonist activity at the kappa‐receptor. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of butorphanol for pain management in various avian species 16,19,25,28 and suggest that a dosage range of 1 to 4 mg/kg intramuscularly or intravenously every 1–2 hours may provide adequate analgesia 25,27 . However, butorphanol's oral bioavailability in birds appears to be poor and in Amazon parrots, butorphanol was found to have 5.8% oral bioavailability and an oral dose of 5 mg/kg was found to have no clinical effect 16 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complication with re‐sedation in southern ground hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) following partial reversal of two orally administered sedation protocols

Laubscher¹,

Koeppel

Campbell

et al. 2021

Vet Record Case Reports

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The combination of midazolam, medetomidine and azaperone (MMA) was compared with the combination of butorphanol, azaperone and medetomidine (BAM) for the sedation of southern ground hornbills when administered orally in a bait. The BAM combination (30 mg butorphanol, 12 mg azaperone and 12 mg medetomidine per ml of solution) at a dose of 0.14 ml/kg was the only combination that did not result in re‐sedation after reversal. However, induction of sedation was long, and sedation was only deep enough for capture, handling, and minor non‐invasive procedures. The MMA combination and higher doses of the BAM combination resulted in quicker inductions although individuals showed mild to severe signs of re‐sedation, starting at 4 hours after reversal and continuing for as long as 17 hours after reversal. Care should therefore be taken when administering these combinations orally to southern ground hornbills as it appears that absorption, metabolism and excretion are unpredictable in this species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complication with re‐sedation in southern ground hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) following partial reversal of two orally administered sedation protocols

Laubscher¹,

Koeppel

Campbell

et al. 2021

Vet Record Case Reports

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“…In recent years, injectable anesthetics obtained by adding low doses of dissociative anesthetics to analgesics, tranquilizers, or sedative agents have been used as part of a balanced anesthesia protocol (Hawkins and Paul-Murphy, 2011;Heard, 2016;Lichtenberger and Lennox, 2016;Sandmeier, 2000). Sedative agents constitute a useful alternative to reduce physiological stress in avian species in which painless clinical procedures are applied, and with the use of safe and effective sedative agents, they provide significant benefits to veterinarians and staff (Doss and Mans, 2021;Lennox, 2001;Mans, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Anesthetic Properties of Dexmedetomidine and Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine Combination and the Properties of Atipamezole as a Reversal Agent in Domestic Pigeons

Ağış,

Yavuz

2024

Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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The aim of this study was to determine the anesthetic efficacy of dexmedetomidine and ketamine alone and dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination and the effects of α2 adrenergic reversal atipamezole in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). In DX group, dexmedetomidine (80 μg/kg), in K group, ketamine (100 mg/kg) alone, in DXK group, dexmedetomidine (40 μg/kg) and ketamine (50 mg/kg) consecutively were administered intramuscularly (IM). Anesthetic depth and cardiopulmonary symptoms were monitored starting from the pre-injection moment (T0) till the 60th minute (T60). At T60, atipamezole at a dosage 4 times that of dexmedetomidine was injected intramuscularly to the DX group (320 μg/kg) and the DXK group (160 μg/kg). In the DX group, only minimal sedation, bradycardia, and a sudden drop in respiratory rate were seen (P

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“…Hence, for ethical reasons, the use of anesthetics and sedatives enhances behaviorally and psychologically the bird's ability to tolerate any stressful condition such as surgical interventions, pain relief, radiographs, ophthalmic examinations, minor physical examinations, diagnostic purposes and sampling. Therefore, the use of these drugs and their application and management is important in birds (Lee & Lennox., 2016;Lierz & Korbel, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid Emulsion And Isoflurane: The Quality Assessment of Anesthesia Parameters In Pigeons

Ghazanfariasl

Shahroozian

Keramati

et al. 2021

Preprint

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An objective was to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous (IV) emulsified isoflurane formulation for maintenance of general anesthesia and to compare with IV lipid emulsion infusion with inhalation isoflurane in pigeons. The animals was total of 21 healthy, mature pigeons (Columba livia domestica), weighing 318 ± 13 g. Pigeons were anesthetized by emulsified isoflurane (treatment IΙΙ), inhalation isoflurane with IV lipid emulsion (treatment ΙΙ ), and inhalation isoflurane (treatment Ι) alone. Over 50 minutes, wing tone, toe pinch (pedal), and feather pluck reflex were tested every 10 minutes. Data was recorded at 10, 20 and 30 minutes for temperature (T), peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (fR). A scoring system was used to assess parameters related to anesthesia duration and depth. There were no significant differences in hemodynamic variables between the treatment Ι and treatments ΙΙ and IΙΙ, in treatments associated with fat emulsion have shown faster induction, longer anesthesia, more immobilization, and longer recovery time. Furthermore, in anesthesia depth percentages evaluation it was observed that emulsified isoflurane entered the anesthesia deep stage earlier and was removed immediately after discontinuation of administration.Administration of 8% v/v emulsified isoflurane IV was effective in anesthesia rapid induction, stability in depth of anesthesia, rapid withdrawal from anesthesia depth by discontinuation of the infusion, delayed recovery, cardiorespiratory and (T) stability.

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Sedation and Local Anesthesia as an Alternative to General Anesthesia in 3 Birds

Cited by 13 publications

References 19 publications

Complication with re‐sedation in southern ground hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) following partial reversal of two orally administered sedation protocols

Complication with re‐sedation in southern ground hornbills (Bucorvus leadbeateri) following partial reversal of two orally administered sedation protocols

Evaluation of the Anesthetic Properties of Dexmedetomidine and Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine Combination and the Properties of Atipamezole as a Reversal Agent in Domestic Pigeons

Lipid Emulsion And Isoflurane: The Quality Assessment of Anesthesia Parameters In Pigeons

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