Sedation effect of midazolam, ketamine, and butorphanol on spectral Doppler ultrasound values in femoral and large abdominal arteries in cats

Abstract

Real time information about direction and type of blood flow can be obtained with Doppler ultrasound. In the literature it was not found data obtained with this method from celiac and cranial mesenteric artery in cats. Moreover, sedation of the animal is occasionally necessary to obtain more information on any blood vessel using this method. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quantitative aspects of spectral waves formed from blood flow of the celiac, cranial mesenteric, renal, external iliac, femoral, and aortic arteries in healthy cats, and to compare them with the same animals when subjected to midazolam, ketamine, and butorphanol sedation. We also measured the heart rate. Twenty healthy adult cats were evaluated. The values obtained for resistivity index and pulsatility index from the celiac artery were 0.62 ± 0.10 and 1.29 ± 0.55, and those from the mesenteric artery were 0.68 ± 0.09 and 1.37 ± 0.39, respectively. Although heart rate was higher in sedated animals, no significant statistical difference was found in case of other parameters, except celiac artery end diastolic velocity and time averaged mean velocity and iliac artery resistivity and pulsatility index. Thus, we provide the Doppler velocimetry parameter from celiac and mesenteric arteries and conclude that this protocol does not alter the values of Doppler ultrasound in the selected vessels, except the celiac and iliac arteries. ResumoInformações em tempo real da direção e tipo de fluxo sanguíneo podem ser obtidas com ultrassonografia com Doppler. Existe na literatura dados relativos a esses parâmetros, em gatos não sedados, obtidos das artérias: aorta, renal, ilíaca e femoral; no entanto não foram encontrados na literatura dados relativos às artérias celíaca e mesentérica cranial. Além disso, ocasionalmente há necessidade de sedar animais inquietos ou agressivos, para que seja possível a realização deste exame. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos quantitativos da onda espectral formada pelo fluxo sanguíneo das artérias: celíaca, mesentérica cranial, renal, ilíaca externa, femoral e aorta abdominal de gatos hígidos e comparálos aos obtidos dos mesmos animais submetidos à sedação com midazolam, cetamina e butorfanol. A frequência cardíaca também foi mensurada. Foram avaliados 20 gatos SRD adultos e saudáveis. Os valores encontrados em animais não sedados na artéria celíaca de índice de resistividade foi 0,62 ± 0,10 e índice de pulsatilidade 1,29 ± 0,55, enquanto da artéria mesentérica cranial, 0,68 ± 0,11 e 1,37 ± 0,39, respectivamente. Apesar da frequência cardíaca mais elevada nos animais sedados, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas dentre os demais parâmetros avaliados, exceto na velocidade diastólica final e velocidade média da artéria celíaca, e índice de resistividade e de pulsatilidade da artéria ilíaca. Dessa forma, foram fornecidos parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos da artéria celíaca e mesentérica cranial e conclui-se que o protocolo utilizado não alterou os valores encontrados por ultrass...

Resistivity and pulsatility indexes in feline kidney disease: a systematic review

“…Of the 14 studies included, five focused on determining normal Dopplerfluxometric parameters of healthy cats without renal injury (Table 1 8,22,37–39 ) and four on the investigation of the applicability of these indexes in kidney disease (Table 1 6,11,23,24 ). The other five studies evaluated the indexes in clinically healthy cats before and after the administration of sedative protocols (Table 1 25,26 ) and anesthetics protocols (Table 1 21 ), as well as in the evaluation of RI in the postsurgical period of kidney transplantation (Table 1 40,41 ). These studies were included due to the use of nonsedated healthy cats as control animals (Table 1 21,25,26,40,41 ).…”

“…The other five studies evaluated the indexes in clinically healthy cats before and after the administration of sedative protocols (Table 1 25,26 ) and anesthetics protocols (Table 1 21 ), as well as in the evaluation of RI in the postsurgical period of kidney transplantation (Table 1 40,41 ). These studies were included due to the use of nonsedated healthy cats as control animals (Table 1 21,25,26,40,41 ). The number of animals used varied between six and 92 among the studies, grouped into healthy cats and kidney diseased groups (Table 1).…”

“…Among the 14 studies, three reported on fasting, trichotomy, period of environmental adaptation, and decubitus (Table 1 8,25,38 ). Another two studies performed fasting, trichotomy, and decubitus (Table 1 23,26 ), whereas three performed trichotomy and decubitus only (Table 1 21,24,39 ). Finally, one study reported environmental adaptation and decubitus (Table 1 11 ), and one only decubitus of the exam (Table 1 40 ).…”

“…Equipment configurations were variably described in the eligible studies, such as Doppler angle (Table 1 24,25,37–39,41 ), sample volume (Table 1 8,11,21,23,25,37–41 ), power (Table 1 21,41 ), gain (Table 1 39 ), wall filter (Table 1 21,23,25,41 ), and PRF (Table 1 8,23,25,39–41 ). No equipment characteristics were reported in three studies (Table 1 6,22,26 ).…”

“…Despite the values of RI and PI for the kidneys of healthy cats and animals with kidney disease being previously reported, 6,8,11,21–26 their clinical utility remains unclear. This doubt is probably related to diverse upper limits proposed for felines.…”