Sediment concentrations, loads, and particle-size distributions in the Red River of the North and selected tributaries near Fargo, North Dakota, during the 2011 spring high-flow event

Galloway, Joel M.; Blanchard, R.A.; Ellison, Christopher A.

doi:10.3133/sir20115134

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The particles vary widely in size depending on the process involved. Debris flows and rivers can carry particles ranging from millimeter (Blanchard et al, 2011) to meter scale (Lai et al, 2018;Tsai et al, 2012). By comparison, it is challenging to measure the size range of volcanic particles within an eruptive conduit.…”

Section: Model and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Physical Model for Volcanic Eruption Tremor

et al. 2020

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Seismic waves are commonly used to monitor unrest before, during, and after volcanic eruptions. The source of seismic tremor during a sustained explosive volcanic eruption is not well understood. Recent observations of the 2016 eruption of Pavlof Volcano, Alaska, revealed a change in the relationship (hysteresis) between ash plume height and seismic amplitude over time. Based on similarities in physical processes and observed seismic tremor in rivers, we explore two key sources of seismic energy in the volcanic conduit: (1) forces exerted by particle impacts and (2) dynamic pressure changes by the turbulent flow. We develop a physical model calculating the seismic power spectral density (PSD), where forces on the conduit wall are convolved with the Green's function for Rayleigh waves. Using reasonable eruption parameters, the model is able to reproduce the frequency spectrum from the Pavlof eruption, although the modeled amplitudes are generally lower. We test the relative importance of different eruption parameters, including grain size, velocity, and conduit dimensions. We find that turbulence generally dominates over particle impacts. However, to reach the PSD amplitude during the Pavlof eruption, large grain sizes are required, as they have the greatest relative influence on the modeled amplitude. The hysteresis between plume height and seismic amplitude can then potentially be explained by grain size changes. The PSD shape is mostly determined by the Rayleigh-wave quality factor Q, and substantial variations in seismic amplitude can be modeled assuming a constant mass eruption rate.

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Section: Model and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Physical Model for Volcanic Eruption Tremor

et al. 2020

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“…Evidently, there is a positive correlation between the two variables for all the seasons based on linear regression. The significance of the relationship between SSC and discharge is determined by complex combination of factors (Galloway et al, 2011) that include variability of SSC for the period of observation and the limited range of river flow observed during the seasons. The inputs of sediment to the stream vary spatially and over time thereby affecting the relationship between SSC and observed river flow.…”

Section: Relating Observed Sediment Concentration and Dischargementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relationship between SSC and river discharge varies from one river to another and from section to section within the same river. Even under identical streamflow, SSC may still differ (Galloway et al, 2011) since the runoff generating conditions could be different. Cheng et al (2018) recognizes that sediment loads (which is dependent on sediment concentration) and river discharges are different process and much as discharge affect sediment load, the sediment amount is determined by other factors including soil texture, land use topography and human activities.…”

Section: Sediment Rating Curvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variation of the Relationship Between Suspended Sediment and River Discharge

Obiero¹,

Baloyi²

2022

JEAE

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Information on measured sediment load is important in the calibration of hydrologic models used in sediment yield prediction. The purpose of this study was to relate sediment load to discharge at a river section. An appropriate section was selected at the Lotanyanda river, Limpopo, South Africa. Depth integrated sediment samples were collected once a day on various dates at an appropriate interval and analyzed to determine the sediment concentration and turbidity. The water level and water temperature readings were also taken at the time of sediment sampling. Information obtained on sediment concentration and discharge was used to determine the sediment load on the dates when sampling was done commencing autumn through winter in the year 2016. Based on the values of measures of performance that included R 2 , NSE, RMSE, PBIAS and RSR, performance of predicted sediment concentration based on sediment rating curves was very good and could be used for predicting sediment load. The measures of performance, however varied from season to season. The relationship between sediment load and discharge varied from one season to another and the quality of fit (R 2 ) based on regression analysis differed from one season to another. Knowledge of sediment load discharge relationship can be used in sediment load prediction based on discharge information.

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Water-quality characteristics of the Red River of the North and tributaries in the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area, North Dakota, 2019–22

Galloway,

Nustad,

Wheeling

2024

Scientific Investigations Report

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The Flood Risk Management Project was initiated in 2008 in the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area to reduce flood risk, flood damages, and flood protection costs in the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area. In cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Geological Survey initiated a water-quality monitoring study to describe the water-quality characteristics of the Red River of the North and its tributaries in the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area during the preconstruction period of the Flood Risk Management Project from October 1, 2019, to October 1, 2022. The monitoring study included the collection of discrete and continuous water-quality data and streamflow monitoring at selected sites that integrated and enhanced existing monitoring programs within the study area.Discrete samples collected at 10 sites in the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area were analyzed for major ions, trace elements, nutrients, suspended sediment, pesticides, and fecal indicator bacteria. In general, major ion concentrations were higher at sites on the tributaries (Wild Rice, Sheyenne, and Maple Rivers) compared to sites on the Red River of the North. In general, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, and sulfate represented most of the dissolved ions measured in samples collected at the 10 sites. Calcium, chloride, fluoride, potassium, silica, and sodium were also measured in samples, but they represented a smaller portion of the total dissolved ions. Sulfate was the most dominant dissolved ion that had the highest concentrations among the major ions measured in samples.A total of 18 trace elements were analyzed in discrete samples. Several of the trace elements had concentrations below the laboratory reporting level in all of the samples, including antimony, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, silver, and thallium. Sites on the Wild Rice River generally had the highest concentrations of arsenic, barium, boron, manganese, and nickel compared to the other sites.Nutrients analyzed in discrete samples included filtered and unfiltered concentrations of ammonia, nitrate plus nitrite, phosphorus, and organic carbon. The median filtered ammonia Water-Quality Characteristics of the Red River of the North and Tributaries in the Fargo-Moorhead Metropolitan Area River below Mapleton, N.Dak. (USGS station 05060100) and the Red River of the North at Fargo, N. Dak (USGS station 05054000) and near Georgetown, Minn.Patterns in annual loads generally followed the same pattern as streamflow at the 10 sites for water years 2020-22. A water year is the 12-month period from October 1 to September 30 and is designated by the calendar year in which it ends. The greatest loads for all constituents were delivered at the two downstream sites on the Red River of the North; sites that also had the highest annual streamflows among the sites and the greatest loads were delivered in water year 2020 when the highest streamflows occurred at the sites. Likewise, the least loads for most constituents were at the Maple River and were least in 2021 compared to the other years ...

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Sediment concentrations, loads, and particle-size distributions in the Red River of the North and selected tributaries near Fargo, North Dakota, during the 2011 spring high-flow event

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

A Physical Model for Volcanic Eruption Tremor

A Physical Model for Volcanic Eruption Tremor

Seasonal Variation of the Relationship Between Suspended Sediment and River Discharge

Water-quality characteristics of the Red River of the North and tributaries in the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area, North Dakota, 2019–22

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