Sediment Dynamics of Natural and Restored Bolboschoenus maritimus Saltmarsh

Abstract

Saltmarshes are biogeomorphic ecosystems comprising halophytic plant communities typically located on low energy temperate coasts. Their distribution and structure are controlled by several key drivers, including sediment supply, type of vegetation, elevation, and local hydrodynamics. These dynamic systems are highly vulnerable and estimated to be experiencing annual losses of 1-2% globally. Past restoration efforts have largely implemented managed realignment strategies, however, examples of, and research on, conservation initiatives employing direct transplantation of saltmarsh vegetation into damaged or receding saltmarsh stands is less common. Here an example of transplantation restoration was investigated to understand its influence on sediment dynamics. Sediment settlement, deposition, and accretion rates of natural and restored vegetation (Bolboschoenus maritimus) and adjacent bare mudflats in a small estuary system were studied across consecutive seasons from summer 2015 to spring 2016 to examine the success of transplantation. Natural areas of B. maritimus were shown to be most effective at retaining deposited material, although experiencing the least amount of deposition (an average of 48 g/m 2 per day), accreting by nearly 7.5 mm over the experimental period. Mudflat areas experienced the most deposition (an average of 322 g/m 2 per day) whilst exhibiting the greatest erosion over the study, a decrease in level of 6 mm. Restored areas experience similar rates of deposition as their natural counterparts, however, did not retain this material as efficiently, presenting an erosion of 1.6 mm. The study indicates certain biogeomorphic processes have been altered within the restored area and beginning to reflect those of the natural area. However, the restored vegetation does not yet fully match the functionality of the natural B. maritimus stand, specifically where the natural stand displayed a net accretion of material the restored area did not. Such discrepancies may impact on the continued survival of the restoration site, which may have implications for the potential of transplanting to deliver ecosystem services, such as climate change mitigation through carbon burial.

Mismatches in the Ecosystem Services Literature—a Review of Spatial, Temporal, and Functional-Conceptual Mismatches

“…The studies following the first focus identified mismatches in traits that would otherwise be expected to be correlated, for example, a mismatch between the abundance and recruitment rate of mussel larvae [20]. The other studies [59,60] compared the provision of ecosystem services or function of natural and restored ecosystems formulating this comparison as a question of (mis)match.…”

Geomorphological control of habitat distribution in an intermittent shallow saline lake, Gallocanta Lake, NE Spain

“…It is widely recognised that the organisation of plants and their communities often affects the occurrence of geomorphological processes (García-Ruiz, 2015). How vegetation influences sediment dynamics, including sediment settlement, deposition, and accretion rates, was studied by Taylor et al (2019) for restoration purposes. In Gallocanta Lake, the sandy barriers are considered to be one of the main geomorphodynamic units in spite of their limited surface area (less than 2% of the studied area).…”

Effect of Recurrent Salt and Drought Stress Treatments on the Endangered Halophyte Limonium angustebracteatum Erben

“…Additionally, many of these areas suffer mounting touristic pressure, further contributing to their deterioration [ 3 ]. Today, many protection measures are in place to safeguard the remaining littoral salt marshes from human activity and the threat posed by the predicted rise in sea level as a consequence of climate change [ 4 , 5 ]. Indeed, nowadays, it is widely recognised that salt marshes perform highly valuable ecosystem services in coastal defence and wildlife conservation [ 6 , 7 ], providing a habitat for migratory waterfowl, transient marine species, and indigenous flora and fauna.…”