Sedimentary Iron Deposits, Evaporites and Phosphorites State of the Art Report

Petrological and geochemical features of the Jingtieshan banded iron formation (BIF): A unique type of BIF from the Northern Qilian Orogenic Belt, NW China

“…Whereas the Superior-type BIF has nonvolcanic association, with redeposition in near-shore continentalshelf environments as these rocks are typically interbedded with quartz arenite, carbonates, and black shale (Gross and McLeod, 1980). A third type, the Rapitan-type, has been proposed to distinguish Neoproterozoic BIF relate to snowball Earth (Button et al, 1982;James, 1992). However, the Jingtieshan BIF have several characteristics which are different from the above three types as follows.…”

“…The Neoproterozoic BIFs are mainly Rapitan-type (Button et al, 1982;James, 1992). The origins of Archean and Paleoproterozoic BIFs including those in the North China Craton have been well studied (e.g., Zhai and Santosh, 2013 Meso-Neoproterozoic BIFs are distinctly different from the extensively documented Archean and Paleoproterozoic counterparts.…”

The Nigerian manganese-rich iron-formations and their host rocks—from sedimentation to metamorphism

“…Depending on the prevailing and inhomogeneously distributed Eh/ pH-conditions within the basin, distinct precipitation products, namely hematite, magnetite, siderite and Fesulphides are distinctly distributed within the basin. Similar to Klein and Beukes (1993), James (1992) described another precipitation and up-welling model (adopted from Button, 1982) in which the various precipitation products are also inhomogeneously, but distinctly distributed. Based on the distribution of the minerals, James established his classification of ironformations according to mineralogical aspects which he characterizes as the so-called facies (James, 1954(James, , 1992.…”

“…This model is based on the assumption that the minerals occurring within iron-formations are the result of direct precipitation or of early diagenetic origin of precipitated ferric/ferrous oxyhydroxides. Representative papers about the precipitation model are those of Huber and Garrels (1953), James (1954James ( , 1992, Huber (1958), Goodwin (1973), Morris (1980Morris ( , 1985Morris ( , 1986, Ewers and Morris (1981), Button (1982), Eichler (1976), LaBerge et al (1987), Beukes (1989, 1993), Harmsworth et al (1990), Klemm (2000), Trendall (2002), and Trendall and Blockley (2004). Using the Early Palaeoproterozoic Brockman Supersequence of Western Australia, Krapez et al (2003) postulated that the precursor sediments to BIF originated in much the same way as modern Red Sea hydrothermal iron oxide deposits.…”

Origin and evolution of large Precambrian iron formations

“…Hypotheses that the deeper ocean waters contained uniformly higher concentrations of dissolved ferrous iron emerged in the 1970s (Holland, 1973;Drever, 1974;Degens and Stoffer, 1976) and gained in popularity in the 1980s (Button, 1982). The building of iron formations requires the transport of large masses of dissolved iron over long distances, but surface waters were too oxygenated to do so in the Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic (Trendall, 2002).…”