Sediments in Arctic sea ice: Implications for entrainment, transport and release

Nürnberg, Dirk; Wollenburg, Ingo; Dethleff, Dirk; Eicken, Hajo; Kassens, Heidemarie; Letzig, Tom; Reimnitz, Erk; Thiede, Jörn

doi:10.1016/0025-3227(94)90181-3

Cited by 343 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Experimental evidence demonstrates that no grains with diameters larger than 250 µm are suspended by frazil ice with larger particles settling with the ice crystals to the sea bed (Smedsrud, 2001). This distinctive grain size cut-off together with the small proportion of sand (typically less than 5-10%) found in turbid ice (Kempema et al, 1989;Nürnberg et al, 1994) matches the textural characteristics of the lithogenic sediment in the Alpha Ridge cores. The newly formed slush ice is highly mobile and is capable of rafting sediment many hundreds of kilometres from its source (Meese et al, 1997;Sherwood, 2000) thus explaining why the Alpha Ridge site has lithogenic sediment but lay some 500 km distant from the nearest land.…”

Section: Origins and Palaeoclimatic Significance Of Lithogenic Sedimesupporting

confidence: 56%

Late Cretaceous seasonal palaeoclimatology and diatom palaeoecology from laminated sediments

Davies

Kemp

2016

Cretaceous Research

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Laminated diatom-rich marine sediments from California and the Arctic Ocean provide a window into the seasonal climate and oceanography of the mid-and high-latitude Late Cretaceous. These remarkable shallow-buried sediments constitute palaeo-sediment traps that record exceptionally well-preserved sequential biogenic and lithogenic flux events. Many of the diatom laminae are composed of a few dominant taxa, and we use a species-based approach for palaeoecological interpretation. Contrary to many earlier interpretations, results indicate that both sites preserve a major flux of taxa adapted to exploit a strongly stratified ocean. The uppermost Maastrichtian Marca Shale of California records a seasonal cycle initiated with a spring bloom flux of diatom resting spores followed by a summer lithogenic sediment input likely driven by monsoonal storms providing river runoff and aeolian input. This is followed by a dominant diatom flux of species that thrived in the summer stratification in deep chlorophyll maxima and were sedimented in the fall when this stratification broke down. Dominant taxa comprising this group include Hemiaulus, Stephanopyxis, Stellarima and Rhizosolenia. The uppermost Campanian CESAR 6 core from the Arctic Alpha Ridge, records a spring bloom flux of resting spores followed by a more dominant summer and fall flux of diatom vegetative cells which were likely concentrated in subsurface summer blooms that generated a "summer export pulse" and by the breakdown of stratification in the fall that gave massive flux of deep chlorophyll maxima species in the fall dump. The dominance and diversity of Hemiaulus in the CESAR 6 core together with widespread evidence of N 2 -fixation may indicate that some diatom blooms were powered by intracellular N 2 -fixing cyanobacteria as in the modern oligotrophic ocean. Thin lenses of fine lithogenic sediment that occur mostly in the spring layer represent rafting by winter sea ice and support other evidence that suggests intermittent winter freezing in the Late Cretaceous Arctic.Keywords: Late Cretaceous; Diatom blooms; Paleoecology; California; Arctic; Sea Ice 3 1.Introduction Laminated pelagic and hemipelagic marine sediments often constitute "palaeosediment traps" that preserve sequential flux events from which the ancient seasonal flux cycle may be reconstructed. They commonly preserve both the biogenic flux events from surface ocean productivity and also the terrigenous sediment input common in hemipelagic or marginal settings. Within rare, exceptionally well-preserved Cretaceous sediments, fossil diatom algae record the seasonal cycle of marine production and flux to the sea bed. In the modern ocean diatom algae are the dominant, bloom-forming phytoplankton in many environments and are key players in the marine biological carbon pump. The relative contribution of diatoms to total primary production has been estimated to range from 35% in the oligotrophic oceans to 75% in the coastal zone and in the Antarctic (Nelson et al., 1995), while their contribution...

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Section: Origins and Palaeoclimatic Significance Of Lithogenic Sedimesupporting

confidence: 56%

Late Cretaceous seasonal palaeoclimatology and diatom palaeoecology from laminated sediments

Davies

Kemp

2016

Cretaceous Research

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“…The sea ice melts and fragments during its drift. As it melt, at a rate dependent on the temperature of the water, and its size and velocity, any included sediment is released, results the deposition of IRD (Nürnberg et al, 1994;Dowdeswell, 2009). In general, the IRD carried by the terrigenous fraction is an assorted mixture of gravel, sand, silt and clay size materials (Gorbarenko et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sediment provenance variations in the southern Okhotsk Sea over the last 180 ka: Evidence from light and heavy minerals

Wang

Shi

Zou

et al. 2017

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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In this study, we investigate light and heavy minerals in sediment core OS03-1 located at the Academy of Sciences Rise of the southern Okhotsk Sea to determine their distributions and sources over the last 180 ka (thousand years). The sediment mainly consists of terrigenous and volcanic detritus. Ubiquitous drop-stones and volcanic detritus throughout the core and high detrital input suggest that sea ice, driven by wind and Kamchatka Current, was the main transport agent of detrital materials to the southern Okhotsk Sea. The ternary diagram of heavy minerals (hornblende-hypersthene-epidote) shows an expansion of detritus provenance from the eastern in cold periods to the northeastern in warm intervals of the Okhotsk Sea. It mainly relates to the shift of Aleutian Low. Combined with previous records, accumulation rates of quartz indicated a maximum extent but not perennial sea ice coverage during the glacial periods.

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“…Upon melting, these organisms either join the pelagic community or sink to the bottom where they fuel the benthos (Poltermann, 1998;Werner et al, 1999;Berge et al, 2012). Sea ice also transports sediments and wind-deposited dust and its associated trace elements (Nürnberg et al, 1994). This transport can be important for plankton blooms and carbon export in regions that are replete with macro-nutrients, but depleted of micro-nutrients such as iron (Aguilar-Islas et al, 2008).…”

Section: Sea Ice and Its Biotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

Hunt

Drinkwater

Arrigo

et al. 2016

Progress in Oceanography

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a b s t r a c tWe compare and contrast the ecological impacts of atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns on polar and sub-polar marine ecosystems. Circulation patterns differ strikingly between the north and south. Meridional circulation in the north provides connections between the sub-Arctic and Arctic despite the presence of encircling continental landmasses, whereas annular circulation patterns in the south tend to isolate Antarctic surface waters from those in the north. These differences influence fundamental aspects of the polar ecosystems from the amount, thickness and duration of sea ice, to the types of organisms, and the ecology of zooplankton, fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Meridional flows in both the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans transport heat, nutrients, and plankton northward into the Chukchi Sea, the Barents Sea, and the seas off the west coast of Greenland. In the North Atlantic, the advected heat warms the waters of the southern Barents Sea and, with advected nutrients and plankton, supports immense biomasses of fish, seabirds and marine mammals. On the Pacific side of the Arctic, cold waters flowing northward across the northern Bering and Chukchi seas during winter and spring limit the ability of boreal fish species to take advantage of high seasonal production there. Southward flow of cold Arctic waters into sub-Arctic regions of the North Atlantic occurs mainly through Fram Strait with less through the Barents Sea and the Canadian Archipelago. In the Pacific, the transport of Arctic waters and plankton southward through Bering Strait is minimal.In the Southern Ocean, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its associated fronts are barriers to the southward dispersal of plankton and pelagic fishes from sub-Antarctic waters, with the consequent evolution of Antarctic zooplankton and fish species largely occurring in isolation from those to the north. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current also disperses biota throughout the Southern Ocean, and as a result, the biota tends to be similar within a given broad latitudinal band. South of the Southern Boundary of the ACC, there is a large-scale divergence that brings nutrient-rich water to the surface. This divergence, along with more localized upwelling regions and deep vertical convection in winter, generates elevated nutrient levels throughout the Antarctic at the end of austral winter. However, such elevated nutrient levels do not support elevated phytoplankton productivity through the entire Southern Ocean, as iron concentrations are rapidly removed to limiting levels by spring blooms in deep waters. However, coastal http://dx

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Sediments in Arctic sea ice: Implications for entrainment, transport and release

Cited by 343 publications

References 35 publications

Late Cretaceous seasonal palaeoclimatology and diatom palaeoecology from laminated sediments

Late Cretaceous seasonal palaeoclimatology and diatom palaeoecology from laminated sediments

Sediment provenance variations in the southern Okhotsk Sea over the last 180 ka: Evidence from light and heavy minerals

Advection in polar and sub-polar environments: Impacts on high latitude marine ecosystems

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