See Europe with ITC:

Making (Normative) Sense of the Headscarf Debate in Europe

“…113 Political actors are rarely perfectly committed to philosophical principle or consistency. Rather they are wont to express a specific normative stance because they believe that it advances their political agenda in a particular moment.…”

Population Genomics and Research Ethics with Socially Identifiable Groups

“…Certain disorders, such as Huntington's disease, have a 50-50 chance of passing to offspring. 55 These are intragroup harms that are specific to the group about their relationships to one another, threats to self-identity and to the identity of the group, and cultural harms to spiritual traditions and to their sense of who they are and where they are from, all of which upset their historical narrative. Genetic research brings risks to groups as well.…”

“…According to William Freeman, the most common and damaging risk of harm to communities is "community disruption," that is, "the disruption is usually at the stage of publication and release of the research results; or secondary use of existing specimens." 55 These are intragroup harms that are specific to the group about their relationships to one another, threats to self-identity and to the identity of the group, and cultural harms to spiritual traditions and to their sense of who they are and where they are from, all of which upset their historical narrative. 56 Some research can challenge or disrupt a group's cultural or spiritual values; for example, the migration studies that were part of HGDP conflicted with some tribes' understanding of their creation or their narrative about their identity.…”

Placebo Surgery for Parkinson's Disease: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?

“…In evaluating risks and benefits, the IRB should consider only those risks and benefits that may result from the research (as distinguished from risks and benefits of therapies subjects would receive even if not participating in the research). The IRB should not consider possible long-range effects of applying knowledge gained in the research (for example, the possible effects of the research on public policy) as among those r q a r c h risks that fall within the purview of its respon~ibility.~~ Proponents believe the placebo surgery meets this criteria, For example, in the study by Freeman and colleagues, "subjects continue to receive standard medical therapy for Parkinson's disease, a partial burr hole is used to minimize the remote risk of intracranial bleeding, renal function is monitored for cyclosporine toxicity at routine intervals, adverse events are regularly reviewed, and rules were established ih the protocol for stopping the trial early" 55 Opponents may not only question Freeman's analysis of the subjects' minimal risks, but also whether the placebo controls are in and of themselves good science. In a recent study in the New EnglandJournal ofMedicine, Drs.…”