Seed Protein Fractions of Maize, Sorghum, and Related Cereals

Wilson, Curtis M.

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-6801-1_9

Cited by 23 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…The maize storage Proteins, characterized by their solubility in 70% aqueous alcohol, are collectively known as zeins and constitute more than 50% of the total protein in the mature seed (Wilson, 1983). Zeins can be separated by SDS-PAGE into distinct classes having apparent molecular masses of 28,22,20,16,15 and 10 kDa (Gianazza et a/., 1976;Lee et a/., 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The accumulation of zein polypeptides and zein mRNA in cultured endosperms of maize is modulated by nitrogen supply

et al. 1993

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SummaryThe effect of nitrogen (N) nutrition upon the accumulation of seed storage protein has been studied in wildtype and opaqoe-2 mutant (02) maize endosperms grown in vitro, for 5 days, on a solid medium containing different amounts of N in the form of inorganic or organic compounds. As reference, the accumulation of zein proteins in endosperms grown to maturity in vivo under field conditions was also examined. The developmental stage up to 14-19 days after pollination (DAP) defines, both in vivo and in vitro, a phase of growth during which the major zein classes of 20 and 22 kDa are synthesized both in wild-type and o2endo-sperms. In vitro, the corresponding transcripts of the genes coding the 20 and 22 kDa zeins, and of the zein synthesis associated gene b-32, are also present. Under in vitro conditions, the level of expression of the zein synthesizing system, as monitored by zein accumulation, is dependent on the level and form of N supplied in the medium. In vivo, at stages of development from 19 DAP to maturity, the synthesis of the 22 kDa zein class and of the b-32 protein is under control of the 02 transcriptional activator. It is hypothesized that at early stages of endosperm development (between 9 and 14-19 DAP) a 'metabolic control', based on N availability, is operative, possibly based on a regulatory factor different from 02.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The accumulation of zein polypeptides and zein mRNA in cultured endosperms of maize is modulated by nitrogen supply

et al. 1993

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“…This fraction contains two major classes of proteins with apparent molecular weights of 19-22kDa and 22-24kDa. The ~-zeins, also known as zein-1 [25,32], have been studied extensively at the protein and nucleic acid level. They are responsible for most of the complex charge heterogeneity observed in the IEF pattern of total zein [33].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 28 kDa y-zein is also known as reduced soluble protein [28,34], alcohol-soluble glutelin [18], and glutelin-2 [21]. Some reports refer to the zein extracted with 60~ isopropanol in the presence of a reducing agent as zein-2 [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic relationship of zeins and coixins as determined by immunological cross-reactivity and Southern blot analysis

Leite¹,

Ottoboni²,

Targon³

et al. 1990

Plant Mol Biol

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Zeins from Zea mays L cv. Maya and coixins from Coix lacryma-jobi L. cv. Adlay were fractionated to obtain alpha-, beta-, and gamma-zein and alpha-, beta-, and gamma-coixin. The alpha-coixins were composed of 4 polypeptide classes of 27 kDa (C1), 25 kDa (C2), 17 kDa (C4) and 15 kDa (C5) with solubility properties very similar to those of the 22 kDa and 19 kDa alpha-zeins. Like the alpha-zeins, the C1 and C2 alpha-coixins corresponded to 80% of total Coix prolamins. The fraction corresponding to gamma-coixin contained only one protein band of 22 kDa (C3). This coixin fraction has solubility properties similar to those of gamma-zein and represents 15% of the total coixin. The beta-zein fraction was composed of a major 17 kDa protein band, while the beta-coixin fraction consisted of a mixture of alpha- and gamma-coixins. Polyclonal antibodies raised against C1 recognized C1 and C2 and cross-reacted strongly with the 22 kDa alpha-zein, as did C4 and C5 antisera. The antiserum against gamma-coixin showed strong cross-reaction with gamma-zein. The homology between coixins and zeins was further investigated by using Southern hybridization analyses. The genomic DNA of maize and Coix were digested with several restriction enzymes and probed with cDNA clones representing 19 and 22 kDa alpha-zeins as well as the 28 and 16 kDa gamma-zeins. The Coix genome showed complex cross-hybridization sequences with the 22 kDa alpha-zein cDNA, while no cross-hybridization was observed with the 19 kDa cDNA clone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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“…This increased HMGR activity occurs before maximum zein protein accumulation (Burr and Burr, 1976;Wilson, 1983;Marks et al, 1985;Bewley and Marcus, 1990;Ober et al, 1991). It is known that, following fertilization, rapid cell divisions occur throughout the endosperm to about 12 to 13 DAP.…”

Section: Endospermmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These proteins are synthesized from 10 to 30 DAP and constitute approximately 50% of the total protein in the mature seed (Wilson, 1983;Marks et al, 1985). Therefore, significant zein contamination of microsomal samples might effectively mask changes in, or lower, the measured endosperm HMGR activity.…”

Section: Composition Of Microsomal Fractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Activity during Maize Seed Development, Germination, and Seedling Emergence

Moore

Oishi

1993

Plant Physiol.

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Seed development in maize (Zea mays) can be divided into three phases based upon morphology and regulation of seed storage protein synthesis (Randolph, 1936;Kiesselbach, 1949;Jones and Brenner, 1987; Kriz, 1989;Ober et al., 1991). During embryogenesis, crucial morphological events occur as evidenced by rapid cell growth, mitotic division, and differentiation. During maturation, the embryo and endosperm enlarge through cell expansion, and storage metabolites are synthesized and deposited (Randolph, 1936;Burr and Burr, 1976;Bewley and Marcus, 1990;Wallace et al., 1990;Ober et al., 1991). The onset of dormancy occurs at approximately 25 DAP. During this phase, the activities of most metabolic pathways decrease, and the seed undergoes desiccation.There is evidence that isoprenoid compounds are necessary during seed development and may function to regulate specific developmental processes; these compounds include membrane sterols and ABA (Gage et al., 1989; Hole et al., 1989;Belefont and Fong, 1991 also occur during seed development (Bewley and Marcus, 1990;Belefont and Fong, 1991). In spite of these isoprenoid requirements, there has been little investigation into how the synthesis of these compounds is regulated during seed development and seedling emergence. The enzyme HMGR catalyzes the conversion of HMG to MVA, the precursor to a11 isoprenoids. This reaction has been shown to be the rate-limiting step in mammalian isoprenoid biosynthesis (Bach et al., 1990). In plants, these isoprenoids include sterols, natural rubber, phytoalexins, carotenoid pigments, and growth regulators such as cytokinins, GA3, and ABA. These compounds play critica1 roles in metabolism, growth, and development at specific times and in specific plant tissues (Bach, 1987;Gray, 1987;Stermer and Bostock, 1987; Bach et al., 1990). It follows that the regulated synthesis of isoprenoids, and thus, the regulation of HMGR, is also vital to plant development. Although HMGR activity has been investigated in a variety of young plant tissues (Brooker and Russell, 1975;Russell, 1985; Bach, 1987;Stermer and Bostock, 1987; Narita and Gruissem, 1989; Bach et al., 1990;Ji et al., 1992), there has been no investigation of HMGR activity during seed development. To begin to understand the role of the regulation of isoprenoid synthesis during seed development, we have addressed the question of whether HMGR specific activity is rcgulated during normal maize development. We have examined microsomal HMGR specific activity in maize embryos and endosperm during seed development and during subsequent seedling emergence. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant MaterialSeeds of Zea mays line FunkF(G4343) were backcrossed for four generations to provide the final inbred line used in this study. Seeds from field plants were harvested at various days after pollination; the pericarp was removed, and embryos and endosperm were excised. Embryos and endosperm were analyzed for HMGR specific activity.Dry FunkF seeds from the spring 1991 planting were used for the germination study. Whole ...

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Seed Protein Fractions of Maize, Sorghum, and Related Cereals

Cited by 23 publications

References 78 publications

The accumulation of zein polypeptides and zein mRNA in cultured endosperms of maize is modulated by nitrogen supply

The accumulation of zein polypeptides and zein mRNA in cultured endosperms of maize is modulated by nitrogen supply

Phylogenetic relationship of zeins and coixins as determined by immunological cross-reactivity and Southern blot analysis

Characterization of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Activity during Maize Seed Development, Germination, and Seedling Emergence

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