“…In addition, the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie resilient functioning may depend on the severity of CM exposure. Specifically, milder and more manageable levels of stress might have a 'steeling' effect on the individual, thus promoting resilient outcomes to future stress, a phenomenon described as stress inoculation (Ashokan, Sivasubramanian, & Mitra, 2016;Banihashemi et al, 2015;Catalani et al, 2011;Elder GH Jr, Liker JK, 1984;Khoshaba & Maddi, 1999;Macrì, Zoratto, & Laviola, 2011;Oldehinkel, Ormel, Verhulst, & Nederhof, 2014;Parker, Buckmaster, Justus, Schatzberg, & Lyons, 2005;Parker, Buckmaster, Schatzberg, & Lyons, 2004;M Rutter, 1993). In contrast, high levels of stress have been associated with stress amplification/sensitisation or calibration effects (Catalani et al, 2011;Macrì et al, 2011;Oldehinkel et al, 2014;Seery, 2011), see for extensive overviews (Del Giudice, Ellis, & Shirtcliff, 2011;Sih, 2011).…”