Seedling cold hardiness, bud set, and bud break in nine provenances of Pinus greggii Engelm.

Aldrete, Arnulfo; Mexal, John G.; Burr, Karen E.

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.02.054

Cited by 16 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Even the lowest measured frost hardiness of any adult tree (i.e., A. glutinosa with a frost hardiness of -22.6 °C) was high enough to safely survive under the climatic winter conditions in the study region. Many studies has investigated local adaptation to frost, demonstrating a relationship between frost hardiness and the climatic conditions of the populations' geographic origins, with species from northern provenances or higher elevation being more frost tolerant than species from southern provenances or lower elevation (Beuker et al 1998, Jensen & Deans 2004, Aldrete et al 2008, Kathke & Bruelheide 2011, Kreyling et al 2012. In particular, species with a wide distribution range such as Quercus robur L. have developed ecotypes with respect to frost hardiness (Deans & Harvey 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between frost hardiness of adults and seedlings of different tree species

Hofmann¹,

Jager²,

Bruelheide³

2014

iForest

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© iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry IntroductionOut of all factors worldwide that potentially limit geographical distribution ranges of plants, minimum temperatures are considered the most important (Woodward 1987, Dahl 1998, Holten 1998. In particular, frost is thought to be the cause of northern and eastern distribution range boundaries of plant species in Europe (Sakai & Larcher 1987, Pither 2003, Kreyling 2010. The coincidence between species distribution boundaries and freezing temperature thresholds has been already demonstrated for various plant species (Sakai & Larcher 1987, Huntley 1990, Woodward 1997. For example, Fagus sylvatica L. does not occur in regions with a mean temperature in January below -3 °C (Bolte et al. 2007). However, these observations are purely based on correlations and knowledge on which plant organs are affected by frost in which phenological state is virtually absent. Low temperatures affect individuals directly or indirectly by frost dehydration (Pearce 2001, Beck et al. 2004, whereby single cells up to the whole organism can be damaged (Weiser 1970, Pearce 2001. Thus, tree species in the northern hemisphere have evolved a certain frost hardiness despite the high energetic costs involved (Huner et al. 1998). Frost hardiness of European plant species shows a seasonal pattern and at the end of the growing season it is induced by decreasing temperatures (Xin & Browse 2000, Repo et al. 2001, Beck et al. 2004 and is brought about by accumulation of carbohydrates and dehydration of the cells, tissues and organs (Siminovitch & Briggs 1953, Sakai & Larcher 1987, Améglio et al. 2004, Thomas et al. 2004, Morin et al. 2007, Callister et al. 2008.Long-lived plant species go through various development stages with different environmental condition requirements. It is wellknown that frost hardiness varies along the plant life cycle (Sakai & Larcher 1987, Bigras et al. 2004, Taschler et al. 2004, with seedlings exhibiting a lower frost hardiness than adults. For example, Morin et al. (2007) showed for different European Quercus species that adults were significantly more frosttolerant than seedlings. However, despite such differences in frost tolerance between adults and juveniles, one would expect that frost tolerance mechanisms of different ontogenetic stages are similar for a given species. Moreover, seedlings and adults might not share the same micro-environment but are exposed to the same macro-climate at any growth location. In consequence, the survival and growth of seedlings of the tree species Acer pictum subsp. mono (Maximowicz) H. Ohashi and Fagus crenata Blume were found to be in accordance with the distribution patterns of the adult individuals of these species in Japan (Masaki et al. 2005).Periods of low temperatures are critical events in the development of tree seedlings. While seeds of temperate tree species are generally frost-tolerant down to -196 °C (Sakai & Larcher 1987), they lose frost hardiness with the onset of germination (Marcante et al. 2012). As most temperate an...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between frost hardiness of adults and seedlings of different tree species

Hofmann¹,

Jager²,

Bruelheide³

2014

iForest

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“…Species of trees with wide large geographic distributions often show considerable variation in several adaptive traits, including freezing resistance (Aldrete et al, 2008). Interpopulation variation usually parallels geographic and climatic differences in physical habitats and is often characterized by extreme forms at the periphery of the range, with more or less continuous or clinal intergrading of forms between the extremes (Aldrete et al, 2008;Smithberg and Weiser, 1968).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interpopulation variation usually parallels geographic and climatic differences in physical habitats and is often characterized by extreme forms at the periphery of the range, with more or less continuous or clinal intergrading of forms between the extremes (Aldrete et al, 2008;Smithberg and Weiser, 1968). Several environmental factors, such as temperature, light and water availability, therefore interact with the genetic systems, resulting in patterns of geographic variation (Morgenstern, 1996) that are typically expressed by correlations between environmental variables and genetic source responses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation de la résistance au gel au printemps et en automne entre et dans les populations espagnoles sauvages de Castanea sativa

Díaz

Johnsen²,

Fernández-López

2009

Ann. For. Sci.

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Abstract• Genetic variation in freezing resistance was evaluated among and within six populations of Spanish wild chestnut (Castanea sativa Miller). The extent to which frost susceptibility was related to phenology and the relationship between population differentiation and climatic conditions was studied.• Twigs were collected in March and November from saplings (5-year-old trees) of 41 openpollinated families from the six populations in a provenance-progeny test, and were subjected to artificial freezing. Damage to each twig was assessed as visible browning of bud and of stem tissues.• Population differences as regards frost damage traits were highly significant (p < 0.01) in both spring and autumn. Family differences within populations were low, often non-significant, and in all cases smaller than differences among populations. Population means were closely correlated with the parental drought and frost conditions. Populations originating from dry areas or from regions where frost seldom occurs were the least resistant.• Drought is suggested to be the one of the most important selective agents that shapes population differentiation in Spanish wild chestnut, while frost may be more important in northern Spain. Phenological differences are not always good predictors of the degree of frost damage. Thus, freezing tests should be used to detect frost susceptibility in chestnuts.Mots-clés : châtaignier sauvage / variation génétique / test de congélation / caractéristiques phénologiques / résistance au gel Résumé -Variation de la résistance au gel au printemps et en automne entre et dans les populations espagnoles sauvages de Castanea sativa.• La variation génétique de la résistance au gel a été évaluée entre et dans six populations espagnoles sauvages de châtaignier (Castanea sativa Miller). L'ampleur avec laquelle la sensibilité au gel est liée à la phénologie et aux relations entre la différenciation de la population et les conditions climatiques a été étudiée.• Des rameaux ont été recueillis en mars et novembre à partir de jeunes arbres (âgés de 5 ans) de 41 familles à pollinisation libre issues de six populations en test de descendances/provenances, et ont été soumis à une congélation artificielle. Les dommages à chaque rameau ont été évalués par le brunissement visible des bourgeons et des tissus de la tige.• Les différences entre population pour ce qui concerne les dégâts causés par le gel sont très significatifs (p < 0.01) au printemps et en automne. Les différences entre familles dans les populations sont faibles, souvent non significatives, et dans tous les cas plus petites que les différences parmi les populations. Les moyennes des populations sont étroitement corrélées avec les conditions de séche-resse et de gel auxquelles sont soumis les parents.Les populations originaires des régions sèches ou de régions où le gel se produit rarement sont les moins résistantes.• On suggère que la sécheresse est l'un des plus importants agents sélectifs qui forme la différencia-tion dans la population espagnole de chât...

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“…After thawing, needles can simply be assessed for discoloration and bending ability and then the amount of damage scored (Rehfeldt 1989;South et al 1993). Alternatively the amount of electrolyte leakage from the damaged tissue can be scored (South et al 1993;Tinus et al 2002;Mahalovich et al 2006;Aldrete et al 2008). The results of these artificial tests often compare well with observations in the field (Howe 2006;Dvorak pers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Based on our experience, temperatures slightly below freezing, for several hours per day for several days in the field should be sufficient to screen families for tolerance in P. tecunumanii and P. maximinoi in the field. However, a number of artificial screening methods have also been described (Rehfeldt 1989;South et al 1993;Tinus et al 2002;Mahalovich et al 2006;Aldrete et al 2008). Artificial tests using either seedlings/cuttings or needles, can be subjected to freezing temperatures in a controlled environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of provenances and families of Pinus maximinoi and Pinus tecunumanii to frost in South Africa

et al. 2012

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The future of South Africa's most important pine species, Pinus patula, is threatened by the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium circinatum. Pinus maximinoi and P. tecunumanii represent two subtropical species that provide an alternative to planting P. patula on the warmer sites of South Africa. Extending the planting range of P. tecunumanii and P. maximinoi to include higher and colder altitude sites will reduce the area planted to P. patula and the risk of F. circinatum.During 2007 progeny trials of P. tecunumanii and P. maximinoi were planted on a sub-tropical and sub-temperate site. Shortly after the establishment of these trials, unusually cold weather conditions were experienced across South Africa (-3 o C at the sub-temperate site) resulting in severe mortality. This provided the opportunity to assess the variation in survival as a measure of frost tolerance within these two species to determine whether it could be improved upon through selection. Results indicated that the variation in survival was under genetic control in P. species. Moderate correlations in family survival for P. tecunumanii (r=0.52) were found at the two sites. Improvements in cold tolerance can thus be made in both species extending their planting range to include greater areas planted to P. patula thereby limiting the risk of F.circinatum.

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Seedling cold hardiness, bud set, and bud break in nine provenances of Pinus greggii Engelm.

Cited by 16 publications

References 16 publications

Relationship between frost hardiness of adults and seedlings of different tree species

Relationship between frost hardiness of adults and seedlings of different tree species

Variation de la résistance au gel au printemps et en automne entre et dans les populations espagnoles sauvages de Castanea sativa

Susceptibility of provenances and families of Pinus maximinoi and Pinus tecunumanii to frost in South Africa

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