“Seeing” ENF: Power-Signature-Based Timestamp for Digital Multimedia via Optical Sensing and Signal Processing

Garg, Ruchi; Varna, Avinash L.; Hajj-Ahmad, Adi; Wu, Min

doi:10.1109/tifs.2013.2272217

Cited by 109 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Comparisons of various frequency estimation approaches for ENF were carried out in [8,10]. The weighted energy method [2] is adopted here for its robustness and low complexity. The recording signals are divided into frames of certain length (e.g, 8 seconds), and FFT is calculated for every frame.…”

Section: Extraction Of the Enf Signalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multimedia recordings created using devices plugged into the power mains or located near power sources can pick up ENF signals in audio due to electromagnetic interference or acoustic vibrations [1]; and in video due to imperceptible flickering in indoor lighting [2]. The ENF signal extracted from audio or video recordings has been shown to exhibit a high correlation with the ENF extracted from the power mains measurements at the corresponding time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the use of ENF for multimedia synchronization

Hajj-Ahmad

et al. 2014

2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

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The electric network frequency (ENF) signal can be captured in multimedia recordings due to electromagnetic influences from the power grid at the time of recording. Recent work has exploited the ENF signals for forensic applications, such as authenticating and detecting forgery of ENF-containing multimedia signals, and inferring their time and location of creation. In this paper, we explore a new potential of ENF signals for automatic synchronization of audio and video. The ENF signal as a time-varying random process can be used as a timing fingerprint of multimedia signals. Synchronization of audio and video recordings can be achieved by aligning their embedded ENF signals. We demonstrate the proposed scheme with two applications: multi-view video synchronization and synchronization of historical audio recordings. The experimental results show the ENF based synchronization approach is effective, and has the potential to solve problems that are intractable by other existing methods.

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Section: Extraction Of the Enf Signalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the use of ENF for multimedia synchronization

Hajj-Ahmad

et al. 2014

2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

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“…An alternative technique in [9] detects the phase discontinuity of the ENF signal, the presence of which suggests where tampering has taken place. Most recently, the work in [3] validated for the first time the presence of the ENF signal in visual recordings. Optical sensors and video cameras are used to demonstrate that the ENF signal can be captured from fluorescent lighting and further picked up by video cameras in an indoor environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The fluctuation of the ENF has been successfully exploited to authenticate digital recordings [4,10,9,3]. In [4,10], it is demonstrated that the ENF signal is captured in audio recordings and exhibits a high correlation with the ENF signal measured from the power mains supply at the same time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How secure are power network signature based time stamps?

Chuang

Garg

2012

Proceedings of the 2012 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security

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A time stamp based on the power network signature called the Electrical Network Frequency (ENF) has been used by an emerging class of approaches for authenticating digital audio and video recordings in computer-to-computer communications. However, the presence of adversaries may render the time stamp insecure, and it is crucial to understand the robustness of ENF analysis against anti-forensic operations. This paper investigates possible anti-forensic operations that can remove and alter the ENF signal while trying to preserve the host signal, and develops detection methods targeting these operations. Improvements over anti-forensic operations that can circumvent the detection are also examined, for which various trade-offs are discussed. To develop an understanding of the dynamics between a forensic analyst and an adversary, an evolutionary perspective and a game-theoretical perspective are proposed, which allow for a comprehensive characterization of plausible anti-forensic strategies and countermeasures. Such an understanding has the potential to lead to more secure and reliable time stamp schemes based on ENF analysis.

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“…Interestingly, ENF traces can also be detected in some motion picture recordings, using techniques that are based on detecting the imperceptible (to the eye) flicker produced by indoor lighting (Garg, Varna, and Wu, 2011;Garg, Varna, Hajj-Ahmad, and Wu, 2013). We therefore need not limit our attention solely to audio recordings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

It's About Time: Projecting Temporal Metadata for Historically Significant Recordings

Oard

Kraus

et al. 2014

iConference 2014 Proceedings

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Twentieth century audio recordings and motion pictures are important sources, both for scholarly analysis and for public history. In some cases, important metadata has not reached the collecting institutions along with the materials, which are now in need of richer description. This paper describes a novel technique for determining the date and time on which a recording was made based on analysis of incidentally captured traces of small variations in the electric power supply at the time the recording was made.

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“Seeing” ENF: Power-Signature-Based Timestamp for Digital Multimedia via Optical Sensing and Signal Processing

Cited by 109 publications

References 14 publications

Exploring the use of ENF for multimedia synchronization

Exploring the use of ENF for multimedia synchronization

How secure are power network signature based time stamps?

It's About Time: Projecting Temporal Metadata for Historically Significant Recordings

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