Seeing sounds: visual and auditory interactions in the brain

Bulkin, David A.

doi:10.1016/j.conb.2006.06.008

Cited by 113 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The dogma that the senses are processed separately and then integrated has been called into question with both anatomical and physiological demonstrations of multisensory processes in primary (previously presumed unisensory) areas (for review, see Ghazanfar and Schroeder 2006;Bulkin and Groh 2006;and Schroeder and Foxe 2005). The present report suggests that the computations underlying sensory integration are found even earlier, in the subcortical auditory processing stream.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Distribution of eye position information in the monkey inferior colliculus

Bulkin

2012

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

Distribution of eye position information in the monkey inferior colliculus

Bulkin

2012

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…Previous studies have shown that certain auditory nuclei that were previously considered predominantly unimodal play a role in multisensory processing (Bulkin and Groh, 2006). Moreover, the TLC is crossed by the CoSC, a complex tract that contains axons from over forty tectal and nontectal sources (Huerta and Harting, 1984) and whose contribution to the innervation of the TLC remains unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The TLC: A Novel Auditory Nucleus of the Mammalian Brain

Saldaña¹,

Viñuela²,

Marshall³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

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We have identified a novel nucleus of the mammalian brain and termed it the tectal longitudinal column (TLC). Basic histologic stains, tract-tracing techniques and three-dimensional reconstructions reveal that the rat TLC is a narrow, elongated structure spanning the midbrain tectum longitudinally. This paired nucleus is located close to the midline, immediately dorsal to the periaqueductal gray matter. It occupies what has traditionally been considered the most medial region of the deep superior colliculus and the most medial region of the inferior colliculus. The TLC differs from the neighboring nuclei of the superior and inferior colliculi and the periaqueductal gray by its distinct connections and cytoarchitecture. Extracellular electrophysiological recordings show that TLC neurons respond to auditory stimuli with physiologic properties that differ from those of neurons in the inferior or superior colliculi. We have identified the TLC in rodents, lagomorphs, carnivores, nonhuman primates, and humans, which indicates that the nucleus is conserved across mammals. The discovery of the TLC reveals an unexpected level of longitudinal organization in the mammalian tectum and raises questions as to the participation of this mesencephalic region in essential, yet completely unexplored, aspects of multisensory and/or sensorimotor integration.

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“…Furthermore, the model of late multisensory convergence is being challenged by growing evidence that multisensory interactions can take place at early stages of processing, both in terms of anatomical organization and timing of activations (for review, see Bulkin and Groh, 2006;Ghazanfar and Schroeder, 2006). In the speech domain, several studies have shown that auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) can be altered by visual speech cues as early as the N1 stage, ϳ100 ms (Besle et al, 2004b;Möt-tönen et al, 2004;van Wassenhove et al, 2005), that is, during the building of an auditory neural representation (Näätänen and Winkler, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Activation and Audiovisual Interactions in the Auditory Cortex during Speech Perception: Intracranial Recordings in Humans

Besle¹,

Fischer²,

et al. 2008

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Hemodynamic studies have shown that the auditory cortex can be activated by visual lip movements and is a site of interactions between auditory and visual speech processing. However, they provide no information about the chronology and mechanisms of these crossmodal processes. We recorded intracranial event-related potentials to auditory, visual, and bimodal speech syllables from depth electrodes implanted in the temporal lobe of 10 epileptic patients (altogether 932 contacts). We found that lip movements activate secondary auditory areas, very shortly (Ϸ10 ms) after the activation of the visual motion area MT/V5. After this putatively feedforward visual activation of the auditory cortex, audiovisual interactions took place in the secondary auditory cortex, from 30 ms after sound onset and before any activity in the polymodal areas. Audiovisual interactions in the auditory cortex, as estimated in a linear model, consisted both of a total suppression of the visual response to lipreading and a decrease of the auditory responses to the speech sound in the bimodal condition compared with unimodal conditions. These findings demonstrate that audiovisual speech integration does not respect the classical hierarchy from sensory-specific to associative cortical areas, but rather engages multiple cross-modal mechanisms at the first stages of nonprimary auditory cortex activation.

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Seeing sounds: visual and auditory interactions in the brain

Cited by 113 publications

References 45 publications

Distribution of eye position information in the monkey inferior colliculus

Distribution of eye position information in the monkey inferior colliculus

The TLC: A Novel Auditory Nucleus of the Mammalian Brain

Visual Activation and Audiovisual Interactions in the Auditory Cortex during Speech Perception: Intracranial Recordings in Humans

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