Seeing the Brain Through the Eye: What Is Next for Neuroimaging and Neurology Applications

Effectiveness of eye movement exercise and diaphragmatic breathing with jogging in reducing migraine symptoms: A preliminary, randomized comparison trial

“…For example, pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating or calcitonin gene‐related peptides can affect genetic modulation, modulation of cell communication (e.g., transcription factors), and cerebral blood flow or vascular tone alteration (e.g., vasodilation) (Ashina, 2020 ). For instance, eye–brain electrochemical transduction and retinal nerve fiber alterations, structural and functional abnormalities in the endothelial progenitor cells, interlinks between mitochondrial energy production, reactive oxygen species availability (e.g., nitric oxide—NO), and ion homeostasis (e.g., calcium influx) seem to play initiating roles in a brain with migraine (Ashina, 2020 ; DeBuc et al., 2020 ; Lee et al., 2008 ; Polak et al., 2003 ; Zhang et al., 2001 ). Therefore, regulation and availability of signaling biomolecules (e.g., NO, and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor—BDNF) and regulation of signaling pathways (e.g., cAMP‐response element‐binding protein—CREB) are essential during health and illness, including the symptoms of migraine attacks, as stressful insults to the brain (González‐Rodríguez et al., 2019 ; Khosravi et al., 2019 ).…”

Effectiveness of jogging, eye movement exercises, and diaphragmatic breathing in patients with migraine: a randomized controlled trial

“…4 For instance, eye-brain electrochemical transduction and retinal nerve ber alterations, structural and functional abnormalities in the endothelial progenitor cells, interlinks between mitochondrial energy production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) availability (e.g., Nitric Oxide-NO), and ion homeostasis (e.g., calcium in ux) seem to play key initiating roles in a brain with migraine. [4][5][6][7][8] Therefore, regulation and availability of signaling biomolecules (e.g., NO and brain-derived neurotropic factor-BDNF) and regulation of signaling pathway (e.g., cAMP-response element binding protein-CREB) are essential during health and illness, including migraine attacks, as stressful insults to the brain. 9,10 Although non-steroids anti-in ammatory drugs (NSAIDS), antidepressants, triptans, gepants, and anti-epileptic drugs are the frequently used medications for migraine attacks, most of these medications have low therapeutic gain, low resolution of symptoms, and undesirable side effects.…”

Effectiveness of Jogging, Eye Movement Exercises, and Diaphragmatic Breathing in Reducing Migraine Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…Examples of such links could be observed in the sensory dysfunction or metabolism dysregulation, speci c spontaneous oscillations, and maladaptive stress responses in several networks of a migraine brain including hypothalamus and the brain stem (4). For instance, eye-brain electrochemical transduction and retinal nerve ber alterations seem to play a key initiating role in a migraine brain (e.g., through choroidal thinning and thickening or retinal vasospasm) (5). As a state of hypoxia, these changes also appear to be initiated by Nitric Oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilator responses or by endothelin-1 (ET-1)-mediated vasoconstrictive responses in a migraine brain (6,7).…”