Seeking anonymity on the Internet: The knowledge accumulation process and global usage of the Tor network

Abstract

The Onion Router (Tor) network is one of the most prominent technologies for accessing online resources while preserving anonymity. Effectively employing the technology is not a trivial process and involves the following steps: (1) motivated by needs, (2) becoming aware of and learning the technology, and (3) realizing desired purposes by usage. Using country-level panel data, this study examines the knowledge accumulation process through which motivated users eventually employ Tor. The results suggest that Tor is often searched in less free countries for censorship circumvention, while it is employed for Dark Web activities in more free countries. There is also an indirect relationship between being aware of the technology and its usage through how-to knowledge accumulation. This study is the first attempt to understand the role of knowledge accumulation in the global usage of Tor. The findings provide insights into the worldwide concerns of online privacy and Dark Web regulation.

An onion with layers of hope and fear: A cross‐case analysis of the media representation of Tor Network reflecting theoretical perspectives of new technologies

“…43 Besides that, in terms of motivations to use Tor, Lindner & Xiao (2020, p. 365) 44 conclude that "of Tor's two stories, the anti-surveillance story, rather than the illicit lure of the Dark Web story, appears to be more closely associated with interest in the software." In fact, the dilemma of Tor's relevance varies according to the user's original country social and political situation 45 : in general, users experiencing free regimes and having civil liberties show more interest in Dark Web activities such as crypto markets; on the other end, users from authoritarian countries that neglect fundamental rights are more inclined to use Tor to avoid surveillance and attain some level of online privacy. Taking into consideration these multiple discussions about Tor uses, this article addresses its representation through British newspapers to identify the terms in which positive and/or negative uses are outlined.…”