Seeking new prognostic and predictive factors in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma – hypoxiainduced factors

Abstract

Malignant tumours of the kidneys are relatively rare tumours that occur in adults, although there has been a constant increase in the incidence of this cancer type in recent years. It occupies the 10th place in terms of the number of new cases of cancer in men and 14th place in women.Considerable progress in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma over the last years has forced researchers to look for new factors of potential prognostic or predictive value in this tumour type in order to clarify the selection of patients for optimal treatment. The drugs from the group of tyrosine kinase inhibitors have played a decisive role. So far, the Motzer model, grouping the prognostic factors, has been most commonly used in clinical practice.Based on the current research looking for new markers of prognostic or predictive value, these factors can be divided into cellular hypoxia-induced proteins and proteins regulating the cell cycle and the apoptosis process. In the second part of this study, hypoxia-inducible factors will be discussed.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors target cancer stem cells in renal cell cancer

“…The targeted effects of TKIs are dependent on the inhibition of downstream mediators upregulated in response to molecular abnormalities (i.e., VHL, c-MET) in RCC. Specifically, in clear cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC), the mutations and/or epigenetic silencing of the VHL gene promote subsequent overexpression of growth factors, including the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and multiple other hypoxia-regulated genes (EPO, NOS, GLUT-1, CA IX), all of which are co-responsible for tumor angiogenesis and cell proliferation (2,3). A group of targeted agents selective against RCC has been developed and introduced in the clinic over the last decade (4,5).…”

KIF20B promotes the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma by stimulating cell proliferation

“…It is originated from the renal parenchymal urinary tubular epithelial system, also known as renal adenocarcinoma, accounting for nearly 80% of renal malignant tumors (Lin, Kamamia, Shriver, & Zhu, ). According to the investigation, renal tumor occupies the second place in the urogenital system tumors in China, only second to bladder cancer, accounting for nearly 2% adult cancers (Mlot, Szczylik, & Rzepecki, ). ccRCC is a highly metastatic tumor, accounting for about 85% of RCC (John, Aldera, Sinha, & Lazarus, ).…”