Segregation and integration of the functional connectome in neurodevelopmentally ‘at risk’ children

Abstract

Functional connectivity within and between Intrinsic Connectivity Networks (ICNs) transforms over development and is thought to support high order cognitive functions.But how variable is this process, and does it diverge with altered cognitive development? We investigated age-related changes in integration and segregation within and between ICNs in neurodevelopmentally 'at-risk' children, identified by practitioners as experiencing cognitive difficulties in attention, learning, language, or memory. In our analysis we used performance on a battery of 10 cognitive tasks alongside resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in 175 at-risk children and 62 comparison children aged 5-16. We observed significant age-by-group interactions in functional connectivity between two network pairs. Integration between the ventral attention and visual networks and segregation of the limbic and fronto-parietal networks increased with age in our comparison sample, relative to at-risk children. Furthermore, functional connectivity between the ventral attention and visual networks in comparison children significantly mediated age-related improvements in executive function, compared to at-risk children. We conclude that integration between ICNs show divergent neurodevelopmental trends in the broad population of children experiencing cognitive difficulties, and that these differences in functional brain organisation may partly explain the pervasive cognitive difficulties within this group over childhood and adolescence.

Dynamic transient brain states in preschoolers mirror parental report of behavior and emotion regulation

“…Resting-state brain activity can be defined as an intrinsic functional repertoire of spontaneously active fluctuations with specific spatiotemporal patterns (Baker et al, 2014). These endogenous dynamics provide the functional substrate for exogenous and/or task-evoked activations and are related to behavioral and cognitive outcomes (Avery et al, 2020; Barnes et al, 2016; Cai et al, 2018; Jones et al, 2022; Poole et al, 2016). The brain’s functional organization has largely been investigated across the lifespan using a variety of neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI (Smith et al, 2013; Smitha et al, 2017), MEG (Brookes et al, 2011; Wens et al, 2014) and EEG (Duma et al, 2021, 2022; Yuan et al, 2016).…”