Segregation as a Factor in the Racial Identification of Negro Pre-School Children

Racial identification and preference in ‚black' British children

“…For example, in the 'actual' identity test, 70 % of the light group identified with the out-group compared with 40 % of the dark group. These findings are in line with the results of Koch (1946), Clark andClark (1940, 1947) and Vaughan (1964a) all of whom found significantly more out-group orientation among their lighter-skinned subjects.…”

Racial Attitudes among White and Negro Children in a Deep-South Standard Metropolitan Area

“…Clark (3) indicates that the lighter-skinned Negroes tend to be ,outgroup orientated.6 It would be expected that a group composed, as the experimental population of this study, of a vast majority of lighter-skinned Ss would tend to be white orientated. Nonetheless the group evidenced preference for and identified with that group with which they will inevitably be identified throughout life.…”

“…concerned itself with preschool white and Negro children in Austin, Texas, and that of Price (22) with school children in Gainesville, Florida. T h e bulk of Clark and Clark's work (3,4,5,6) was conducted in Washington, D. C., and apparently only in one instance ( 6 ) were subjects from Arkansas included. E. Horowitz,in his early work (17), employed subjects from Tennessee and urban and rural Georgia as well.…”

Stigma, Social Psychology of

“…Merton (1938) argued that being poor does not induce crime, but instead crime is induced by being poor in a culture that values material wealth while preventing everyone from having equal access to it. The most impactful research during this era involved in the famous 'doll studies' conducted to prove that cultural and psychological damage had been done to the self-concept of African-Americans (Clark and Clark, 1939). Although based on what later scholars found to be exaggerated, misrepresented, and inconsistent findings (Cross, 1991;Jackson, 2001), concerns about African-Americans' shame and self-hatred led the United States to end segregation in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision.…”