Seismic Characterization of Large-scale Sandstone Intrusions

Huuse, Mads; Cartwright, Joe; Hurst, Andrew; Steinsland, N.

doi:10.1306/1209847m873253

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…The slurry can also rise to and discharge on the ground surface and sometimes recede back to depth, forming a variety of positive and negative relief landforms (Huuse et al, 2010;Kopf, 2002). Subsurface movement of injectites can be facilitated by preexisting faults, which provide pathways with lower resistance to intrusion relative to the host rock (Huuse et al, 2007;Lonergan and Cartwright, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphologic evidence of subsurface sediment mobilization and mud volcanism in Candor and Coprates Chasmata, Valles Marineris, Mars

Okubo

2016

Icarus

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Populations of distinctive knobs, rings and lobate structures are observed in the Candor and Coprates Chasmata regions of Mars. To interpret the formation mechanisms of these landforms, I investigate their morphologies, facies, superposition and crosscutting relationships using data from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) and the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC). The knobs and rings have quasi-circular to elliptical shapes in map view, with basal diameters between several hundred meters and three kilometers. The knobs rise ∼10 to 350 m above the surrounding terrain, while the rings are ∼10 to 70 m tall. In three dimensions the knobs have a rounded cone shape, and some knobs exhibit a summit depression, which in some examples contains a subordinate mound. The rings have rounded to sharp crests and in some instances contain subordinate rings and mounds. The lobate structures are commonly ∼1 to 2 km wide, ∼3 to 5 km long and rise up to 50 m above the surrounding terrain. The lobate structures partially or completely encircle some knobs, rings and irregularly shaped rock masses. The knobs, rings and lobate structures exhibit massive and stratified facies, with some structures exhibiting both, such as a massive central rock mass surrounded by outwardly dipping layers. I interpret these landforms as mud volcanoes, injectites and mud flows based on superposition and cross-cutting relationships as well as similarities between the morphologies and facies of these landforms with terrestrial products of mud volcanism. I infer the source of sediment for this mud volcanism to be the Hesperian eolian deposits that occur within these chasmata. Further, I suggest that groundwater upwelling during the Hesperian to possibly the Early Amazonian facilitated the mobilization of these sediments within the subsurface and thereby contributed to the ensuing mud volcanism. Based on these results, I propose that the Candor Chaos formed through subsurface sediment mobilization and mud volcanism. Published by Elsevier Inc.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphologic evidence of subsurface sediment mobilization and mud volcanism in Candor and Coprates Chasmata, Valles Marineris, Mars

Okubo

2016

Icarus

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“…Forced folds are often described for natural sand intrusion complexes (cf. Figure 1; e.g., Bergslien, 2002;Duranti & Hurst, 2004;Duranti, 2007;Frey-Martnez et al, 2007;Huuse et al, 2007;Hurst et al, 2011;Jackson et al, 2011;Polteau et al, 2008;Scott et al, 2013;Surlyk & Noe-Nygaard, 2001;Vétel & Cartwright, 2010;Vigorito & Hurst, 2010). In such systems, a wider forced fold might indicate that the preexisting, regional fluid pressure was higher at the onset of local buildup of fluid overpressure or that the thickness of the cover and, thus, the depth of remobilization was relatively shallow.…”

Section: Initial Forced Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(c) Tilted sandstone dikes occur at the edges and at the top of the depositional sandstone layer (modified from Jackson, 2007). (d) Detailed interpretation of sand injection network showing crestal intrusion network and elevated overburden layers above the parent sand body as well as possible sand extrusions formed on the paleoseafloor (modified from Huuse et al, 2007). Jonk et al, 2005;Schwartz et al, 2003), understanding of their evolution and formation mechanisms is of high economic importance, for example, for exploration of hydrocarbon reservoirs (Duranti & Mazzini, 2005) or risk assessment of CO 2 storage sites (Rutqvist, 2012;Torabi et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Formation of Forced Folds and Wing‐Like Sand Intrusions Driven by Pore Fluid Overpressure: Implications From 2‐D Experimental Modeling

2019

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Sand injections form by intrusion of overpressured, fluidized sand into surrounding low-permeable, fine-grained rocks. Modern 3-D seismic data revealed their abundant occurrence in many sedimentary basins and that their intrusion is typically associated with forced folding and tensile fractures of the sealing cover layer. In order to investigate the kinematic evolution of forced folds in relation to the associated propagation of fractures originating from an overpressured source layer, we performed idealized, quasi-2-D analog experiments. The models consist of noncohesive and cohesive granulates to mimic a sand reservoir and its overburden layer and injected air to produce fluid overpressure in the layered materials. Our results show that forced folding first induces tensile bending fractures at the base of the fold limbs at a certain critical fluid pressure. Due to further increase of the fluid pressure, the apex of these bending fractures serves as origin for branching, conical fractures characterized by shear and tensile failure. Fracture breakthrough is accompanied by a rapid uplift of the breached fold limb and a pressure drop in the reservoir layer followed by a continuous subsidence of the central forced fold. The morphology of the fracture pattern and the forced fold provides helpful implications for understanding formation processes of natural sand injections observed in seismic data and in outcrops.

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“…Injectites are created through post-depositional remobilization of fluidized sands injected from a 'parent' sand into surrounding stratigraphy (Huuse et al 2001(Huuse et al , 2007Hurst & Cartwright 2007;Braccini et al 2008;Hurst et al 2011). Injectite sands typically exhibit complex, enigmatic geometries similar to those of igneous intrusives, with 'saucer-shaped' geometries of bedding-parallel sills and steep, subvertical dyke-like 'risers' stepping up through the stratigraphy, as illustrated in Figure 2 and imaged on seismic in Figure 3.…”

Section: Genesis and Geometry Of Injectitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typical sand-injectite geometries and features. Red ellipses indicate common hydrocarbon trapping geometries (adapted fromHurst & Cartwright 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying and de-risking near-field opportunities through reliable pre-stack broadband attributes: examples from the Paleocene North Sea (UK–Norway) injectites play

Pernin¹,

Feuilleaubois²,

Bird³

et al. 2019

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Tertiary injectites, which are re-mobilized sandstones, represent commercially attractive targets for near-field, long-reach tie-backs to existing field infrastructure above and adjacent to producing reservoirs. Injectites exhibit exceptional porosity-permeability and productivity, such that discoveries can add incremental reserves and lift production decline in mature fields. Abundant injectites are visible on seismic data in the Tertiary of the Viking Graben, but, as some disappointing wells have established, not all are hydrocarbon-charged. The challenge is to reliably distinguish hydrocarbon-filled high porosity-permeability features from tight or dry reservoirs in a cost-effective way. Regional rock physics analysis of injectite reservoirs, using well data from fields in Norway and the UK, reveals that a combination of elastic attributes can effectively discriminate lithology and hydrocarbon presences in these reservoirs. After pre-stack conditioning, broadband seismic data correlate reliably with wells, giving confidence that pre-stack seismic is faithfully imaging the elastic properties of the subsurface in lower Tertiary target intervals. Informed by rock physics analysis, a combination of broadband seismic elastic attributes is used to predict sand presence and de-risk hydrocarbon presence in reservoirs v. water-wet targets. Hydrocarbon sand distribution predicted from relative acoustic impedance and V P /V S matches to known accumulations and identifies remaining near-field opportunities.

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Seismic Characterization of Large-scale Sandstone Intrusions

Cited by 18 publications

References 1 publication

Morphologic evidence of subsurface sediment mobilization and mud volcanism in Candor and Coprates Chasmata, Valles Marineris, Mars

Morphologic evidence of subsurface sediment mobilization and mud volcanism in Candor and Coprates Chasmata, Valles Marineris, Mars

The Formation of Forced Folds and Wing‐Like Sand Intrusions Driven by Pore Fluid Overpressure: Implications From 2‐D Experimental Modeling

Identifying and de-risking near-field opportunities through reliable pre-stack broadband attributes: examples from the Paleocene North Sea (UK–Norway) injectites play

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