Seismic Composite Metamaterial: A Review

Abstract

The modern construction revolution throughout the past two decades has brought the need for ground vibration mitigation, and this has been one of the major study areas. These studies were mainly focused on the effect of forestation on vibration reduction as the available natural metamaterial. Physical methods such as the finite element method and the boundary conditions of 2D and 3D applications in ground vibration reduction have been developed. Many researchers, scientists, and organizations in this field have emphasized the importance of these methods theoretically and numerically. This paper presents the historical context of resonant metamaterials (MMs), the current progress of periodic 2D and 3D structures, and the possible future outcomes from the seismic metamaterials (SMs), and it relates them with their elastic counterparts to the natural metamaterial (NMs). The idea of bandgaps (FBGs) in the frequency range of interest is reviewed and discussed in some detail. Moreover, the attenuation associated with ground vibrations, noise, seismology, and the like is explained by managing the peculiar mechanisms of ground vibrations. However, a comprehensive computational review focuses on shielding MMs for ground vibration mitigation in urban areas. This phenomenon led to unique features for various techniques to control the bandgap width for various construction applications. Ecological solutions involve the creation of an economic, environmentally based seismic shield for both the Bragg scattering and the local resonance bandgaps. Reportedly, additive studies based on numerical simulation and experiments have improved the functionality of the 2D and 3D periodic structures. It was found that the mechanical properties differ (i.e., stiffness, Poisson’s ratio, and bulk density) and that the geometrical parameters (i.e., lattice, model dimensions, distance from vibration sources, and number of periodic structures) exhibited strong effects on the width and location of the derived FBGs. The geometrical properties of the used unit cell have a strong effect on the attenuation mechanism. Although deep analysis was created in much of the previous research, it was revealed, based on that research, that the attenuation mechanism is still unclear. However, this review article presents a detailed exposition of the recent research progress of the seismic metamaterials, including 2D, 3D, and the main mechanisms of the theoretical backgrounds of energy attenuation. It also summarizes the effects of the factors on the width and location of the bandgaps at a low frequency. In addition, the natural metamaterials and the study of the urban environment are surveyed. The major findings of this review involve the effectiveness of NMs for different functionalities in ground vibration attenuation, which leads to diverse purposes and applications and proposes a roadmap for developing natural materials for clean and quiet environments.

Wind turbines as a metamaterial-like urban layer: an experimental investigation using a dense seismic array and complementary sensing technologies

“…This, in turn, will cause a weakening of the overall damping but a broadening of the frequency ranges in which the damping occurs (similar to what has been described by Colombi et al, 2016b;Li and Li, 2020). (3) Although the arrangement of the wind turbines in the northsouth direction is periodic, in 3D the chosen wind farm is not sufficiently periodic for "seismic crystal" effects to become dominant as described by Colombi et al (2016c) and by Qahtan et al (2022). (4) For the dispersion curve (Figure 3), we do not observe a clear slowdown of surface wave velocities around 1.5 Hz as predicted theoretically in previous studies (e.g., Colombi et al, 2016b;Colombi et al, 2017) but we only observe a flattening of the dispersion curve.…”

Efficient numerical simulations on the forest barrier for seismic wave attenuation: engineering safe constructions

“…Thus, comprehending the causes of its danger, how to deal with it, and the possibility of reducing its risk is critical. Even though elastic waves (EWs) can cause significant structural damage (Marazzani et al, 2021;Qahtan et al, 2022), there must be techniques to reduce their destructive harms to protect constructions that can resist the coercion of a disaster when it occurs. The complete understanding of EW propagation is the first step toward developing attenuation techniques (Du et al, 2017).…”

“…As a result, they are an efficient, economical, and environment-friendly way to reduce the effects of EWs and control ground vibrations. Recent studies have addressed a number of construction problems, which include the role of forest trees in EW attenuation (Colombi et al, 2016a;Colombi et al, 2016b;Lott et al, 2020;Muhammad et al, 2020;Qahtan et al, 2022;He et al, 2023). Because of indirect interactions between plants and ground reflection, low-frequency EWs are attenuated (Lim, 2021).…”