Seismic evidence for a crustal magma reservoir beneath the upper east rift zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

Lin, Guoqing; Amelung, F.; Lavallée, Yan; Okubo, P.

doi:10.1130/g35001.1

Cited by 35 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…An anomalous body with low-V p , low-V s , and high-V p ∕V s value is resolved at 8-11 km depth beneath the upper ERZ of Kilauea volcano. Lin et al [2014] recently suggested the presence of 10% melt in a cumulate magma mush in this area based on petrophysical modeling.…”

Section: Comparison With Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three‐dimensional seismic velocity structure of Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes in Hawaii from local seismic tomography

et al. 2014

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We present a new three‐dimensional seismic velocity model of the crustal and upper mantle structure for Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes in Hawaii. Our model is derived from the first‐arrival times of the compressional and shear waves from about 53,000 events on and near the Island of Hawaii between 1992 and 2009 recorded by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory stations. The Vp model generally agrees with previous studies, showing high‐velocity anomalies near the calderas and rift zones and low‐velocity anomalies in the fault systems. The most significant difference from previous models is in Vp/Vs structure. The high‐Vp and high‐Vp/Vs anomalies below Mauna Loa caldera are interpreted as mafic magmatic cumulates. The observed low‐Vp and high‐Vp/Vs bodies in the Kaoiki seismic zone between 5 and 15 km depth are attributed to the underlying volcaniclastic sediments. The high‐Vp and moderate‐ to low‐Vp/Vs anomalies beneath Kilauea caldera can be explained by a combination of different mafic compositions, likely to be olivine‐rich gabbro and dunite. The systematically low‐Vp and low‐Vp/Vs bodies in the southeast flank of Kilauea may be caused by the presence of volatiles. Another difference between this study and previous ones is the improved Vp model resolution in deeper layers, owing to the inclusion of events with large epicentral distances. The new velocity model is used to relocate the seismicity of Mauna Loa and Kilauea for improved absolute locations and ultimately to develop a high‐precision earthquake catalog using waveform cross‐correlation data.

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Section: Comparison With Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three‐dimensional seismic velocity structure of Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes in Hawaii from local seismic tomography

et al. 2014

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“…Perhaps increased magma supply to Mauna Loa volcano causes a drop in supply to Kīlauea (Gonnermann et al, 2012). Once magma enters the Kīlauea plume, it could be diverted away from the shallow reservoir, perhaps as intrusions into the crust or lower shield (Lin et al, 2014). A subhorizontal mantle pathway of magma transport at ~30 km depth, interpreted by Wright and Klein (2006; see also Wolfe et al, 2003), might be a zone within which magma could stall or be diverted.…”

Section: Magma Supply Drops During Periods Of Mainly Explosive Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cycles of explosive and effusive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i

Swanson

Rose

Mucek

et al. 2014

Geology

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The subaerial eruptive activity at Kīlauea Volcano (Hawai'i) for the past 2500 yr can be divided into 3 dominantly effusive and 2 dominantly explosive periods, each lasting several centuries. The prevailing style of eruption for 60% of this time was explosive, manifested by repeated phreatic and phreatomagmatic activity in a deep summit caldera. During dominantly explosive periods, the magma supply rate to the shallow storage volume beneath the summit dropped to only a few percent of that during mainly effusive periods. The frequency and duration of explosive activity are contrary to the popular impression that Kīlauea is almost unceasingly effusive. Explosive activity apparently correlates with the presence of a caldera intersecting the water table. The decrease in magma supply rate may result in caldera collapse, because erupted or intruded magma is not replaced. Glasses with unusually high MgO, TiO 2 , and K 2 O compositions occur only in explosive tephra (and one related lava fl ow) and are consistent with disruption of the shallow reservoir complex during caldera formation. Kīlauea is a complex, modulated system in which melting rate, supply rate, conduit stability (in both mantle and crust), reservoir geometry, water table, and many other factors interact with one another. The hazards associated with explosive activity at Kīlauea's summit would have major impact on local society if a future dominantly explosive period were to last several centuries. The association of lowered magma supply, caldera formation, and explosive activity might characterize other basaltic volcanoes, but has not been recognized.

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“…In the plutonic record this is often expressed as complex time‐transgressive mineral and magnetic fabrics with evidence for both fluid and granular (crystal‐crystal) interactions [ Collins et al ., ; Gutiérrez et al ., ; Holness et al ., ; Jerram et al ., ; Nicolas , ; Paterson , ; Sawyer , ] and in the volcanic record by the eruption of crystal‐rich magmas with a complex crystal cargo [ Bachmann et al ., ; Charlier et al ., ; Klemetti and Clynne , ; Lindsay et al ., ; Thomson and Maclennan , ] (see Figure ). Persistent crystal‐rich conditions in basaltic magma bodies have also been inferred based on seismic evidence from ocean islands and mid‐ocean ridges [ Lin et al ., ; Sinton and Detrick , ] and by the occurrence of picrites [ Rhodes , ]. Collectively, these observations have been rationalized with the hypotheses that they are a crystal‐rich mush, waxing and waning in response to open‐system input and cooling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the kinematics and dynamics of crystal‐rich systems

2017

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Partially molten rocks, often called a mush, are examples of a hydrogranular mixture where the dynamics are controlled by both fluid and crystal‐crystal interactions. An obstacle to progress in understanding high‐temperature hydrogranular systems has been the lack of adequate levels of description of microphysical processes. Here we rationalize the hydrogranular kinematic and dynamic states by applying the concept of particle (crystal) force chains. We exemplify this with discrete‐element computational fluid dynamic simulations of the intrusion of a basaltic melt into an olivine‐basalt mush, where crystal‐scale force chains, crystal transport, and melt mixing are resolved. To describe the microscale kinematics of the system, we introduce the coordination number and the fabric tensors of particle contacts and forces. We quantify the changing contact and force fabric anisotropy, coaxiality, and the connectedness of the mush, under dynamic conditions. To describe the dynamics, particle and fluid characteristic response times are derived. These are used to define local and bulk Stokes numbers, and viscous and inertia numbers, which quantify the multiphase coupling under crystal‐rich conditions. We employ the Sommerfeld number, which describes the importance of crystal‐melt lubrication, with a viscous number to illustrate the dynamic regimes of crystal‐rich magmas. We show that the notion of mechanical “lock up” is not uniquely identified with a particular crystal volume fraction and that distinct mechanical behaviors can emerge simultaneously within a crystal‐rich system. We also posit that this framework describes magmatic fabrics and processes which “unlock” a crystal mush prior to eruption or mixing.

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Seismic evidence for a crustal magma reservoir beneath the upper east rift zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii

Cited by 35 publications

References 41 publications

Three‐dimensional seismic velocity structure of Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes in Hawaii from local seismic tomography

Three‐dimensional seismic velocity structure of Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanoes in Hawaii from local seismic tomography

Cycles of explosive and effusive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i

On the kinematics and dynamics of crystal‐rich systems

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