Seismic imaging and illumination with internal multiples

Malcolm, Alison; Ursin, Bjørn; Hoop, Maarten V. de

doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.2008.03992.x

Cited by 100 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…By propagating wavefields backward in a detailed subsurface model, rather than in a smooth macro model, and crosscorrelating them with their associated source fields in the detailed model, we can image the primary reflections and internal multiples to improve seismic resolution (Youn and Zhou, 2001;Malcolm et al, 2009;Vasconcelos et al, 2010). Because internal multiples are used in this image, this strategy has also been referred to as nonlinear imaging (Fleury and Vasconcelos, 2012;Ravasi et al, 2014).…”

Section: Target-enclosed Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The required wavefields may also be computed by evaluating an inverse scattering series (Weglein et al, 2003) or a Bremmer series (Malcolm et al, 2009;Davydenko and Verschuur, 2016). Alternatively, we can estimate the required Green's functions directly from the reflection data that are acquired at the earth's surface by solving a multidimensional Marchenko equation (Broggini et al, 2012;Slob et al, 2014;Wapenaar et al, 2014;da Costa Filho et al, 2015;Singh et al, 2015).…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Target-enclosed seismic imaging

et al. 2017

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Seismic reflection data can be redatumed to a specified boundary in the subsurface by solving an inverse (or multidimensional deconvolution) problem. The redatumed data can be interpreted as an extended image of the subsurface at the redatuming boundary, depending on the subsurface offset and time. We retrieve target-enclosed extended images by using two redatuming boundaries, which are selected above and below a specified target volume. As input, we require the upgoing and downgoing wavefields at both redatuming boundaries due to impulsive sources at the earth’s surface. These wavefields can be obtained from actual measurements in the subsurface, they can be numerically modeled, or they can be retrieved by solving a multidimensional Marchenko equation. As output, we retrieved virtual reflection and transmission responses as if sources and receivers were located at the two target-enclosing boundaries. These data contain all orders of reflections inside the target volume but exclude all interactions with the part of the medium outside this volume. The retrieved reflection responses can be used to image the target volume from above or from below. We found that the images from above and below are similar (given that the Marchenko equation is used for wavefield retrieval). If a model with sharp boundaries in the target volume is available, the redatumed data can also be used for two-sided imaging, where the retrieved reflection and transmission responses are exploited. Because multiple reflections are used by this strategy, seismic resolution can be improved significantly. Because target-enclosed extended images are independent on the part of the medium outside the target volume, our methodology is also beneficial to reduce the computational burden of localized inversion, which can now be applied inside the target volume only, without suffering from interactions with other parts of the medium.

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Section: Target-enclosed Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Target-enclosed seismic imaging

et al. 2017

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“…In the RTM case, including multiply-scattered waves in the imaging procedure requires the specific inclusion of a reflector in the velocity model; data requirements for this approach to avoid artifacts is discussed specifically in Mittet (2002Mittet ( , 2006. By contrast, in the one-way framework proposed in Malcolm et al (2009), an estimate of the image of the subsurface is used to include a single reflection in the back-propagation, when the imaging is done within the context of a scattering series such as those discussed in de Hoop (1996); Malcolm et al (2005) or Weglein et al (2003). This latter formulation has the advantage of being able to image with multiply scattered waves without explicitly defining a single reflector, but the formulation has so far been restricted to one-way imaging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several authors have suggested methodologies for including multiply scattered waves in the imaging procedure to mitigate this problem, for example Jin et al (2006); Malcolm et al (2009) in a one-way framework, and Farmer et al (2006); Jones et al (2007) in reverse-time migration (RTM). In the RTM case, including multiply-scattered waves in the imaging procedure requires the specific inclusion of a reflector in the velocity model; data requirements for this approach to avoid artifacts is discussed specifically in Mittet (2002Mittet ( , 2006.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interferometric imaging of multiples in an RTM approach

Malcolm¹,

Hoop²

2010

SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2010

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SUMMARYIt is well known that reverse-time migration is capable of correctly imaging multiply scattered energy. To do this, one of the interfaces from which the waves scatter must be included in the background velocity model. In a one-way framework this requirement is avoided by iteratively forming images of higher-order scattered waves. These techniques use an image made with singly scattered waves to estimate the locations of some of the reflection points in a multiply-scattered wave, from which the location of an additional scattering point is determined through standard imaging techniques. This removes the requirement that a single multiple-generating interface be identified. Here we extend this technique to reverse-time migration using results from several recent studies linking standard and extended imaging conditions to interferometry. This results in a method to generate images with multiply-scattered waves using the full-waveform imaging techniques of reverse-time migration and the iterative imaging formulations of scattering series in a one-way framework.

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“…In this dissertation, I propose to implement LSM with reverse time migration (RTM) (Baysal et al, 1983;Whitmore, 1983;McMechan, 1983), where the Green's functions are calculated by finite-difference solution to the full wave equation instead of asymtotic Green's function in Kirchhoff migration (Bleistein, 1987), or one-way solution in one-way wave equation migration (Claerbout, 1985). The advantages include: (1) there is no high-frequency approximation; (2) it has no dip limitations; (3) once the known boundaries, e.g., a salt boundary, are embedded in the migration velocity model, RTM can correctly migrate multiples such as prism waves (Jones et al, 2007;Lu et al, 2008;Malcolm et al, 2009); and (4) phase shifts associated with caustics are taken into account when solving the two-way wave equation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐source least‐squares reverse time migration

Dai

Fowler²,

Schuster

2012

Geophysical Prospecting

288

109

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Least‐squares migration has been shown to improve image quality compared to the conventional migration method, but its computational cost is often too high to be practical. In this paper, we develop two numerical schemes to implement least‐squares migration with the reverse time migration method and the blended source processing technique to increase computation efficiency. By iterative migration of supergathers, which consist in a sum of many phase‐encoded shots, the image quality is enhanced and the crosstalk noise associated with the encoded shots is reduced. Numerical tests on 2D HESS VTI data show that the multisource least‐squares reverse time migration (LSRTM) algorithm suppresses migration artefacts, balances the amplitudes, improves image resolution and reduces crosstalk noise associated with the blended shot gathers. For this example, the multisource LSRTM is about three times faster than the conventional RTM method. For the 3D example of the SEG/EAGE salt model, with a comparable computational cost, multisource LSRTM produces images with more accurate amplitudes, better spatial resolution and fewer migration artefacts compared to conventional RTM. The empirical results suggest that multisource LSRTM can produce more accurate reflectivity images than conventional RTM does with a similar or less computational cost. The caveat is that the LSRTM image is sensitive to large errors in the migration velocity model.

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Seismic imaging and illumination with internal multiples

Cited by 100 publications

References 49 publications

Target-enclosed seismic imaging

Target-enclosed seismic imaging

Interferometric imaging of multiples in an RTM approach

Multi‐source least‐squares reverse time migration

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