Seismic Noise Measurements in Yellowstone National Park

Iyer, H. M.; Hitchcock, T.

doi:10.1190/1.1440437

Cited by 20 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The same method of measuring tremor durations and amplitudes was applied to 8 hours of “geothermal noise” recorded on a small aperture array with an average distance of 50 m from Old Faithful geyser. Using a scale, duration‐amplitude measurements were made from amplitude data published by Iyer and Hitchcock [1974, Figure 7]. The duration‐amplitude distribution is shown in Figure 7a with a fit to the exponential model.…”

Section: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Duration‐amplitude distribution of volcanic tremor

2003

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[1] The duration-amplitude distribution of volcanic tremor was examined in eight volcanoes and one geothermal area. An exponential model, implying a scale-bound source process, is found to be a better fit to the data than a power law (scale invariant) model. The exponential model well describes tremor associated with magmatic and phreatic eruptions, shallow and deep source regions, and geothermal sources. We tested the exponential model described by:ÀlD R , where d is the duration of tremor greater than or equal to a particular amplitude D R , d t is the total duration of tremor, and the inverse of l is the characteristic amplitude of the distribution. l À1 takes on values between 0.003 and 7.7 cm 2 . Our results show that the characteristic amplitude for eruptive tremor is greater than for noneruptive tremor, that for deep tremor is greater than for shallow tremor, and that for tremor associated with magmatic eruptions is greater than for tremor associated with phreatic eruptions. The exponential scaling of tremor suggests that tremor is not simply composed of a series of low-frequency events closely spaced in time. Further, the exponential scaling requires the source to be scale bound; the amplitude variations of tremor are distributed about a constant characteristic amplitude. We propose that exponential scaling of tremor amplitude is caused by fixed source geometry driven by variable excess pressures. The exponential scaling of tremor demonstrates that tremor source processes are fundamentally different from those for earthquakes.

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Section: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Duration‐amplitude distribution of volcanic tremor

2003

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“…As a consequence of these factors all working together, the triggering by hydrofracturing most generally occurs during the drier summer months, consistent with the records of table 8. Iyer and Hitchcock (1974) identified Norris Basin as a major source of seismic noise in Yellowstone Park, but no detailed study has yet been made of possible seasonal changes utilizing closely spaced sensitive seismographs to determine if the so-called noise includes some stronger events identifiable by location and depth that might cause hydrofracturing and seasonal concentrations of such events. We suspect that the seismic noise of hightemperature thermal areas is related to several different factors; detailed study could provide valuable evidence on changing activity, not yet utilized.…”

Section: Explanations For Widespread Disturbances Of Norris Thermal Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Geology and Remarkable Thermal Activity of Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

White¹,

Hutchinson²,

Keith³

1988

Professional Paper

107

159

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Norris Geyser Basin, normally shortened to Norris Basin, is adjacent to the north rim of the Yellowstone caldera at the common intersection of the caldera rim and the Norris-Mammoth Corridor, a zone of faults, volcanic vents, and thermal activity that strikes north from the caldera rim to Mammoth Hot Springs. An east-west fault zone terminates the Gallatin Range at its southern end and extends from Hebgen Lake, west of the park, to Norris Basin. No local evidence exists at the surface in Norris Basin for the two oldest Yellowstone volcanic caldera cycles ("-'2.0 and 1.3 m.y.B.P.). The third and youngest cycle formed the Yellowstone caldera, which erupted the 600,000-year-old Lava Creek Tuff. No evidence is preserved of hydrothermal activity near Norris Basin during the first 300,000.years after the caldera collapse. Glaciation probably removed most of the early evidence, but erratics of hot-spring sinter that had been converted diagenetically to extremely hard, resistant chalcedonic sinter are present as cobbles in and on some moraines and till from the last two glacial stages, here correlated with the early and late stages of the Pinedale glaciation «150,000 years B.P.). Indirect evidence for the oldest hydrothermal system at Norris Basin indicates an age probably older than both stages of Pinedale glaciation. Stream deposits consisting mainly of rounded quartz phenocrysts of the Lava Creek Tuff were subaerial, perhaps in part windblown and redeposited by streams. A few small rounded pebbles are interpreted as chalcedonic sinter of a still older cycle. None of these are precisely dated but are unlikely to be more than 150,000 to 200,000 years old. The dominant quartz sand is hydrothermally cemented by chalcedony and is extremely hard, thereby justifying the term hydrothermal quartzite. Comparison with other sinter-depositing hot-spring systems indicates that the upper part of this fossil western Norris system was completely stripped by glacial erosion, leaving its chalcedonized roots but no sinter. Hydrothermal K-feldspar (adularia) is present locally, indicating channels of former upflowing spring water. Comparison with other drilled sinter-depositing systems suggests that at least 10 m of chalcedonic sinter has been eroded. Some combination of time (10,000 years or more) and high temperature (above surface boiling, perhaps "-'120 DC) was necessary to reconstitute the initial amorphous opal to chalcedony; the same general depths and temperatures are also essential to form adularia. The Al content of this hydrothermal feldspar is probably derived from volcanic feldspars or glass. The fundamental water type in Norris Basin is nearly neutral in pH and high in CI and Si0 2. Its Si0 2 content depends on its temperature of equilibration with respect to quartz, which is abundant in the under-IV.S. National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park. lying rhyolitic rocks, and on how much Si0 2 was precipitated enroute to the surface. Temperatures immediately below Norris are probably near 270 DC, a temperature that would...

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“…measuring noise levels a t discrete stations. This approach has been discussed i n the l i t e r a t u r e by a number o f authors (C 8 , Douze andSorrels, 1972, Iyer andHitchcock, 1974).…”

Section: Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most surveys to date indicate h i g h noise levels associated w i t h geysers and hot springs (Iyer and Hitchcock, 1974). The results over .r geothermal reservoirs w i t h no surface manifestations are more ambiguous (see for example Douze andSorrells, 1972, andIyer, 1974).…”

Section: Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geothermal ground noise measurements at Roosevelt Hot Springs and Cove Fort, Utah. Final report

Laster¹,

Douze²

1978

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Seismic Noise Measurements in Yellowstone National Park

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Duration‐amplitude distribution of volcanic tremor

Duration‐amplitude distribution of volcanic tremor

The Geology and Remarkable Thermal Activity of Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming

Geothermal ground noise measurements at Roosevelt Hot Springs and Cove Fort, Utah. Final report

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