“…The frequency characteristic of seismic source and the geometry of the seismic streamer give vertical and horizontal resolutions of about 10 m and it is used to observe variety of ocean phenomena including internal waves, eddies, currents, thermohaline staircases, and turbulence, from mesoscale to finescale in the various global ocean environments [e.g., Nakamura et al, 2006;Biescas et al, 2008Biescas et al, , 2010Fer et al, 2010;Pinheiro et al, 2010;Sheen et al, 2011;Buffett et al, 2013;Holbrook et al, 2013;Tang et al, 2013Tang et al, , 2014a. However, the conventional geometry used for seismic surveying the subseabed makes it difficult to image the near-surface thermohaline structures typically above 200 m because of the minimum offset between the source and receiver array and significant interference from the high-amplitude direct waves [Carniel et al, 2012;Pi et e et al, 2013;Tang et al, 2014b].…”