Seismic vulnerability analysis of medieval rammed earth fortifications in southeastern Spain

Arto, Ignacio; Garrido, Jesús; Carrillo, María Lourdes Gutiérrez

doi:10.1007/s10518-020-00912-1

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The nearby medieval tower of the Castillo de Lojuela in Murchas, also constructed of rammed earth, has been shown to be vulnerable to ‘very heavy damage’ at earthquake intensities higher than IX (9.2). The expected PGA (peak ground acceleration) there is around 0.357g [ 62 ]. Translating this for the El Castillejo case study would generate a magnitude of higher than M5.5 ± 0.5, identical to the values calculated from our analysis of the archaeoseismic damage to structures on the site and the so-called ‘site effect’ [ 7 , 63 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These effects would then have been further compounded by the choice of building materials at El Castillejo. In modern engineering studies rammed earth is usually classified as having high seismic vulnerability [58][59][60][61][62]. Although rammed earth walls are massive and heavy, their foundations are not deep and their unanchored corners are vulnerable to ground shaking.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

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Recovering a lost seismic disaster. The destruction of El Castillejo and the discovery of the earliest historic earthquake affecting the Granada region (Spain)

Forlin,

Reicherter,

Gerrard

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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This paper discusses recent archaeological fieldwork conducted at El Castillejo, a medieval Islamic settlement in Los Guájares, Granada, southern Spain. Results from combined archaeological excavation and archaeoseismological assessment of standing structures suggest that the site was affected by a destructive earthquake during its occupation. Radiocarbon samples and OSL analysis point to a seismic event in the period CE 1224–1266. The earthquake occurred within an area marked by a ‘seismological gap’ in terms of historic seismicity and the causative fault has been tentatively identified in the Nigüelas-Padul Fault System which lies north of the settlement. This event is not recorded by national or European seismic catalogues and represents the oldest historic earthquake in the Granada area. Our work stresses the significant impact that targeted archaeological investigations can generate in our understanding of the local historic seismicity, thus providing clear implications for seismic disaster prevention and reduction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Recovering a lost seismic disaster. The destruction of El Castillejo and the discovery of the earliest historic earthquake affecting the Granada region (Spain)

Forlin,

Reicherter,

Gerrard

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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“…Indeed, implementing earthquake damage scenarios is the best initial step since they reveal the geographical distribution of the damages and the vulnerable structures (Boukri et al, 2018;Ortega et al, 2019). In this context, multiple methods have been established in the past few years for assessing the seismic vulnerability of existing buildings at the inner-city scale (Liu et al, 2020), which may be evaluated in several ways, depending on the information at hand (Cacace et al, 2018;Ortega et al, 2019;Arto et al, 2020). Accordingly, the RISK-UE approach created by the RISK-EU project's partners for assessing the seismic vulnerability of seven European cities (Mouroux and Brun, 2006) is one of the most commonly used seismic risk assessment methodologies worldwide, especially in Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Site effect influence on the seismic vulnerability of unreinforced masonry buildings in low to moderate seismic urban areas in Algeria

Athmani

Ademović

2023

MMMS

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PurposeThis paper aims to develop preliminary damage scenarios for unreinforced masonry buildings located in low to moderate seismic hazard areas in Algeria, taking into account the specific site effects.Design/methodology/approachThree soil types were considered in this analysis according to the definition of the Algerian seismic code (RPA99/2003). Peak ground acceleration values were assigned to each soil type issued from a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA). To highlight the effect of soil conditions on the seismic vulnerability analysis of masonry buildings, a site vulnerability increment is carried out, and the macroseismic Risk-UE method has been adopted and applied by developing two main seismic scenarios according to both return periods of the PSHA, 100 and 475 years, respectively.FindingsBased on the preliminary results of rock site condition, it can be outlined that the significant damage obtained for different earthquake scenarios discovered a substantial worldwide seismic risk to the building stock of the study area. Once the site effect is integrated into the analysis, more high values of vulnerability indexes and expected damages are obtained. Moreover, it can be concluded that soft soil (S3) is a little bit more influential than stiff soil (S2) on the final vulnerability index compared to (S1). However, the difference between the soil effect S2 and S3 on the vulnerability index can be neglected.Research limitations/implicationsResearchers are encouraged to test the mechanical approaches for more detailed outcomes of a specific building analysis.Practical implicationsThis research proves to the Algerian decision-makers that due to the site effects and the vulnerability of the masonry buildings, an urgent intervention program is required even for existing buildings located in low to moderate seismic hazard areas.Originality/valueSeveral seismic vulnerability types of research have been conducted in Algeria for the unreinforced masonry buildings in moderate to high seismic areas in which generally the soil effect is neglected. In this context, this research paper proves that due to the site effects and the vulnerability of the masonry buildings, special attention is required even for existing buildings located in low to moderate seismic hazard areas. With this conclusion, the requirement of taking into account the soli effect in the high seismic areas is even more pronounced and should be conducted.

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“…Actions within the framework of preventive conservation [40] imply the definition of an effective and systematic methodology to identify [38], evaluate and control the threats that affect all cultural assets [41][42][43][44][45][46]. The aim of these actions is to minimize these threats [47][48][49][50], thanks to the evaluation of their degree of impact on the effects of deterioration and the development of appropriate measures to avoid or, at least, slow down their negative effects [39,51].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathologic and Risk Analysis of the Lojuela Castle (Granada-Spain): Methodology and Preventive Conservation for Medieval Earthen Fortifications

et al. 2020

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This study presents a methodology generated for the preventive conservation of defensive earthen architecture, applied to the case of the Lojuela Castle (Lecrin Valley, Granada, Spain). In the application of the designed protocol, a multidisciplinary analysis of its patrimonial characteristics and multidimensional evaluation was developed, applying the technique of qualitative consultation to a group of experts—the Delphi method. This methodology allowed us to relate the hazard factors and the vulnerability of the asset for each group of risks that affect it. The support of the method in with geographic information systems (GIS) has favored the production of predictive cartography and risk analysis—including the territorial dimensions and spatial interactions of the asset with the physical environment. This has facilitated the obtention of micro-zoning maps of each of the risks examined. The risk mapping in micro-zoning and the knowledge of the structure’s vulnerability represents an important contribution to the future conservation and management of this heritage. They favor strategies that minimize the incidence of risks and allow the prioritization of the conservation actions with a minimum economic investment, creating an efficient maintenance program. This will facilitate the protection, conservation and valorization decisions by the administration and the competent bodies involved in the protection of these sites.

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Seismic vulnerability analysis of medieval rammed earth fortifications in southeastern Spain

Cited by 11 publications

References 25 publications

Recovering a lost seismic disaster. The destruction of El Castillejo and the discovery of the earliest historic earthquake affecting the Granada region (Spain)

Recovering a lost seismic disaster. The destruction of El Castillejo and the discovery of the earliest historic earthquake affecting the Granada region (Spain)

Site effect influence on the seismic vulnerability of unreinforced masonry buildings in low to moderate seismic urban areas in Algeria

Pathologic and Risk Analysis of the Lojuela Castle (Granada-Spain): Methodology and Preventive Conservation for Medieval Earthen Fortifications

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