Seismites within Ordovician–Silurian carbonates and clastics of Southern Ontario, Canada and implications for intraplate seismicity

Wallace, K.; Eyles, Nicholas

doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2014.12.004

Cited by 18 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Gajurel et al, 1998;Martín-Chiviet et al 2011;Mugnier et al, 2011), because there are no distinct single criterion to identify seismites (cf. Jones and Omoto, 2000;Montenat et al, 2007;Fortuin and Dabrio, 2008;Wallace and Eyles, 2015). Wide extent of SSDs horizons is also one of important factors for seismite identification.…”

Section: Origin Of Ssdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismites in the Pleistocene succession and recurrence period of large earthquakes in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Sakai

Gajurel

Tabata³

2015

GEOENVIRON DISASTERS

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Background: Kathmandu Valley, which is a rapidly growing place in Nepal, was largely damaged by the earthquakes of April 25 (Mw 7.8) and May 12 (Mw 7.3). For taking measures against future large earthquakes, knowledge of the long-term earthquake history is crucial for future disaster prevention or disaster reduction. Results: Twelve seismites thicker than 0.2 m were identified from the Tokha Formation, the major part of which was deposited at about 20-17 ka (calibrated 14 C ages). Some seismites show evidence of sliding occurred on the delta plain. Conclusions: The reconstructed earthquake recurrence period is ca. 0.25 ka or shorter. Six of the seismites show evidence of sliding when deformation structures were formed. This was probably due to the tilting of the surface in the studied site, where a buried flexure was discovered nearby. The discovery of the seismites with sliding in the delta plain deposit suggests the possibility of sliding by future large earthquakes and requirement of risk management for the plain area of the Kathmandu Valley.

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Section: Origin Of Ssdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismites in the Pleistocene succession and recurrence period of large earthquakes in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Sakai

Gajurel

Tabata³

2015

GEOENVIRON DISASTERS

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“…Evidence of deformation interpreted as seismites is also reported from outcrops (e.g. Wallace & Eyles, 2015; who interpreted deformed rhythmically laminated dolostones as related to slumping of lagoonal facies from bioherms). The existence of conditions that favour the preservation of a diversified set of soft-sediment deformation structures on a reasonably short distance (1 to 3 km) is not common, so the present case study could represent an interesting example of how detailed sedimentological investigations may help in identifying the origin of diverse soft-sediment deformation structures preserved along the depositional profile of a carbonate platform.…”

Section: Trigger Mechanism Recognitionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Soft‐sediment deformation structures and Neptunian dykes across a carbonate system: Evidence for an earthquake‐related origin (Norian, Dolomia Principale, Southern Alps, Italy)

Berra

2023

Sedimentology

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Identification of the processes producing soft‐sediment deformation structures, common in siliciclastic deposits and less abundant in carbonate successions, is complex, because different processes may produce similar structures. Thus, interpreting the origin of these structures may be challenging: it requires both a detailed sedimentological study and the knowledge of the depositional environment and stratigraphic evolution, in order to provide hints to identify the processes affecting sediments after deposition. Among the potential causes of the formation of soft‐sediment deformation structures, seismic shock is one of the possibilities, but their origin could be also related to other triggering mechanisms, such as volcanic activity, sediment loading, salt tectonics, fluid expulsion, meteorite impacts and mass movements. Although it is a plausible option, the interpretation of these structures as ‘seismites’ is not obvious: it must be supported by different lines of evidence, considering that the correct interpretation of soft‐sediment deformation structures as a consequence of seismic shocks acquires important implications in palaeoseismology studies.The occurrence of diverse soft‐sediment deformation structures in a fault‐controlled basin (i.e. in a geological setting characterized by syndepositional tectonics) preserved in different subenvironments of a Norian carbonate system in the Southern Alps of Italy provides the chance to characterize different types of soft‐sediment deformation structures along a platform‐to‐basin depositional profile. Presence of pseudonodules in basinal resedimented limestone, sedimentary dykes and clinostratified breccias with unlithified clasts in slope settings and liquefaction of inner platform facies at the platform top testify to an origin compatible with multiple seismic shocks, repetitively affecting the same stratigraphic intervals. The diverse types of soft‐sediment deformation structures in the studied carbonate system provide a rich catalogue of structures related to seismic shocks, representing a possible reference for other similar settings.

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“…The Niagara Escarpment is a Paleozoic sedimentary cuesta which spans 1,046 km from the northeastern United States to southern Ontario in Canada (Luczaj, 2013; Figure 1). During the upper Ordovician and lower Silurian periods, dolostone, sandstone, and shale strata accumulated in shallow marine environments across the region (Wallace and Eyles, 2015). Quaternary glaciation caused subsequent glacial and fluvial erosion of these Paleozoic sedimentary rocks creating the steeply sloped cuesta present today (Meyer and Eyles, 2007).…”

Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variability and site specificity of thermomechanical weathering in a temperate climate

Gage,

Nielsen,

Eyles

2024

Front. Earth Sci.

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Thermomechanical processes caused by short- and long-term temperature fluctuations are a prevalent weathering mechanism on exposed rock walls. While many authors have explored the potential for thermomechanical weathering in alpine and polar regions, few have examined the effects of seasonality on weathering in temperate climates. This is pertinent as seasonal climatic conditions may influence both short-term temperature oscillations which produce incipient fractures and diurnal-to annual-scale cycles which propagate pre-existing fractures via thermal fatigue. In this study, three rock outcrops located along the Niagara Escarpment in Hamilton, Canada were monitored to examine changes in the thermal regime at the rock surface and within pre-existing fractures over a 1-year period. Temperature was sampled in 1-min intervals, providing data at a fine temporal resolution. Our unique dataset demonstrates that the rock surface and fracture experience minute-scale temperature oscillations which magnify over time. Longer-term temperature cycles during the year are superimposed upon minute- and diurnal-scale fluctuations which likely augment weathering potential. This produces considerable thermal stress over the year which we estimate to be on the order of 18 GPa at the rock surface and 8 GPa in fractures. We also observed diurnal reversals of the temperature gradient between the rock surface and fracture which may further amplify crack propagation. Seasonality and site-specific characteristics interact to modify different components of the rockwall thermal regime. Vegetation shading has seasonal and diurnal-scale impacts on the temperature gradient between the surface and fracture, and the amplitude of daily warming and cooling cycles. Aspect has a stronger influence on minute-scale temperature oscillations. Estimates of diurnal thermal stress indicate that the thermomechanical weathering potential is seasonally variable, but highest in the spring. Our findings demonstrate that in a temperate climate, rockwall thermal regimes experience variability across the gradient of temporal scale with strong seasonal effects.

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Seismites within Ordovician–Silurian carbonates and clastics of Southern Ontario, Canada and implications for intraplate seismicity

Cited by 18 publications

References 67 publications

Seismites in the Pleistocene succession and recurrence period of large earthquakes in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Seismites in the Pleistocene succession and recurrence period of large earthquakes in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Soft‐sediment deformation structures and Neptunian dykes across a carbonate system: Evidence for an earthquake‐related origin (Norian, Dolomia Principale, Southern Alps, Italy)

Temporal variability and site specificity of thermomechanical weathering in a temperate climate

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