Seizure burden and neuropsychological outcomes of new-onset refractory status epilepticus: Systematic review

Abstract

BackgroundLong-term sequelae of the new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) include the development of epilepsy, cognitive deficits, and behavioral disturbances. The prevalence of these complications has been previously highlighted in case reports and case series: however, their full scope has not been comprehensively assessed.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of the literature (PROSPERO ID CRD42022361142) regarding neurological and functional outcomes of NORSE at 30 days or longer following discharge from the hospital. A systematic review protocol was developed using guidance from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).ResultsOf the 1,602 records for unique publications, 33 reports on adults and 52 reports on children met our inclusion criteria. They contained the description of 280 adults and 587 children of whom only 75.7 and 85% of patients, respectively had data on long-term follow-up. The mean age of adult and pediatric patients was 34.3 and 7.9 years, respectively; and the longest duration of follow up were 11 and 20 years, respectively. Seizure outcomes received major attention and were highlighted for 93.4 and 96.6% of the adult and pediatric NORSE patients, respectively. Seizures remained medically refractory in 41.1% of adults and 57.7% of children, while seizure freedom was achieved in only 26 and 23.3% of these patients, respectively. The long-term cognitive outcome data was provided for just 10.4% of the adult patients. In contrast, cognitive health data were supplied for 68.9% of the described children of whom 31.9% were moderately or severely disabled. Long-term functional outcomes assessed with various standardized scales were reported in 62.2 and 25.5% of the adults and children, respectively with majority of patients not being able to return to a pre-morbid level of functioning. New onset psychiatric disorders were reported in 3.3% of adults and 11.2% of children recovering from NORSE.ConclusionThese findings concur with previous observations that the majority of adult and pediatric patients continue to experience recurrent seizures and suffer from refractory epilepsy. Moderate to severe cognitive disability, loss of functional independence, and psychiatric disorders represent a hallmark of chronic NORSE signifying the major public health importance of this disorder.

Comparative analysis of patients with new onset refractory status epilepticus preceded by fever (febrile infection‐related epilepsy syndrome) versus without prior fever: An interim analysis

“…However, we found that 29% did not have additional seizures after at least 6 months of follow‐up in the FIRES group (compared to 57% in the non‐FIRES group, a nonsignificant difference). The proportion of epilepsy after NORSE is similar to what was reported in a recent systematic review of outcomes in NORSE 18 …”

“…The proportion of epilepsy after NORSE is similar to what was reported in a recent systematic review of outcomes in NORSE. 18…”

New onset refractory status epilepticus: Summary of the NORSE Institute roundtable during the 2023 American Epilepsy Society meeting, Orlando, Florida

“…In survivors, there are long-term effects, including physical, cognitive, and behavioral. [6][7][8] However, NORSE outcome data are limited, lacking long-term follow-up and often relying on broad global outcome scales. We developed a preliminary list of outcome categories including functional (neuropsychological, neurological, and psychiatric), quality of life, epilepsy, nonneurological health outcomes, social outcomes, caregiver burden, long-term mortality, and health care system impact.…”