Selected Clinical Features of Coccidioidomycosis in Dogs

Davidson, Autumn P.; Shubitz, Lisa F.; Alcott, Cody J.; Sykes, Jane E.

doi:10.1093/mmy/myy113

Cited by 28 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Coccidioidomycosis with associated esophageal fistula and lymphadenitis is a rare presentation in people with symptoms including the development of a cervical mass and draining tracts, in addition to more non-specific signs such as coughing, weight loss, fever, and fatigue being reported in these patients (10,24). The disease otherwise presents similarly in humans as it does in dogs, with pulmonary involvement being the predominant manifestation and disseminated forms being less common (6,9,25). The reason coccidioidomycosis in this dog presented as a draining tract and fistulous connection to the esophagus remains unknown, and is likely multifactorial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Azole antifungal drugs such as fluconazole (5-10 mg/kg BID) and itraconazole (5-10 mg/kg/day) are most commonly used, though amphotericin B is used in cases that are unable to tolerate azole antifungals and that have severe or rapidly progressive disease (6,8). Debridement of an affected site may be pursued if there is necrotic tissue or a granuloma that must be removed (24,28,29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coccidioidomycosis in dogs can manifest as primary respiratory or disseminated disease (6). This heterogeneous distribution of systemic involvement results in a variety of clinical signs and severity of disease ranging from mild respiratory disease, to vague chronic signs (e.g., fever, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, limping), and even severe life-threatening illness (7).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Severe systemic disease is more likely in cases with disseminated infection, which occurs in ∼20% of dogs (8). In dogs, Coccidioides can disseminate to the central nervous system, lymph nodes, skin, bone, pericardium, eye, testes, prostate, and other parenchymal organs including the liver, spleen, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract (6). In humans, rare sites of dissemination include deep subcutaneous tissue in the cervical region, larynx, and thyroid gland (9).…”

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Coccidioides posadasii in a Dog With Cervical Dissemination Complicated by Esophageal Fistula

et al. 2020

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A 5-year-old male, neutered mixed breed dog with a history of a mass with an associated draining tract on the ventral cervical region was diagnosed with an esophageal fistula. The dog exhibited serosanguinous discharge from the draining tract, with enlarged left superficial cervical and mandibular lymph nodes, and was reported to have difficulty with deglutition of solid foods. Computed tomography revealed a communication of the draining tract with the esophagus along with enlargement of the left lateral retropharyngeal, left medial retropharyngeal, and mandibular lymph nodes. This prompted surgical exploration and debridement of the site, with closure of the esophageal fistula. Histopathology of thyroid gland, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue obtained during surgical exploration showed spherules consistent with Coccidioides spp. infection. Antibody titers performed post-operatively were consistent with an active Coccidioides spp. Infection. By fungal culture and subsequent PCR and DNA sequencing, C. posadasii was identified as the species infecting the dog. Over the course of 85 days of antifungal therapy, discharge from the draining tract, lymphadenomegaly, and cutaneous and subcutaneous nodules resolved. In conclusion, this is the first reported case of disseminated coccidioidomycosis to the cervical region of a dog with involvement of the thyroid gland, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, connective tissue, and secondary esophageal fistula. Coccidioides spp. infections should be considered a differential diagnosis in unusual cases for dogs that live in or have traveled to endemic areas.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Coccidioides posadasii in a Dog With Cervical Dissemination Complicated by Esophageal Fistula

et al. 2020

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“…Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii are dimorphic fungal pathogens that have been documented to cause disease in a diverse range of mammalian species, including humans, dogs, cats, horses and camelids (Shubitz, ). Clinical manifestations of coccidioidomycosis, or valley fever, are variable depending on host species, route of exposure and dissemination, but cough, fever, lameness and draining skin lesions are relatively common (Davidson, Shubitz, Alcott, & Sykes, ; Graupmann‐Kuzma et al, ). An estimated 60% of humans and 70% of dogs, however, serologically convert without overt illness (Davidson et al, ; Shubitz, Butkiewicz, Dial, & Lindan, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of veterinarians’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding an emerging disease: Coccidioidomycosis in Washington State

James

McCall

Petersen

et al. 2019

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Coccidioides immitis is an emerging fungal pathogen in Washington State (WA). While the geographical boundaries of C. immitis in WA have not been well characterized, human infections have resulted from exposure in the south‐central region of the state. Since 2010, only one dog has been identified as a probable locally acquired animal case, despite pilot canine serological surveys from south‐central WA revealing a 9.8% seroprevalence. On the suspicion that clinical animal cases may be underdiagnosed and/or underreported, we assessed WA veterinarians’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding coccidioidomycosis. All veterinarians with active licenses in WA were invited to complete a self‐administered, web‐based survey from November 2018 to January 2019. Four hundred and twenty‐five of 2,211 (19.2%) veterinarians returned the survey and were eligible for inclusion in the final analysis. Nearly, all respondents (98.8%) had heard of coccidioidomycosis, but only 31.5% and 25.6% knew that locally acquired animal and human cases, respectively, had been reported in WA. Only half (52.6%) of participants knew that the disease was reportable. Fewer than 20% of respondents reported confidence that their knowledge of coccidioidomycosis was up to date, and 76.9% “never” or “rarely” considered the risk of disease in their patients. A statistically significant predictor of a high knowledge score (≥70%), however, included practicing in endemic counties where the Washington State Department of Health had previously delivered outreach and education services. While the results suggest some success with these activities, it is clear that information on the emergence of coccidioidomycosis is not adequately reaching veterinary practitioners in WA. The data support that more frequent CE opportunities, and dissemination of public health communications through veterinary‐specific modalities, would help fill the knowledge gap. In turn, improved diagnosis and reporting of animal cases would assist in our overall understanding the epidemiology of coccidioidomycosis in WA.

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Clinical Atlas of Small Animal Cytology and Hematology

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Selected Clinical Features of Coccidioidomycosis in Dogs

Cited by 28 publications

References 34 publications

Coccidioides posadasii in a Dog With Cervical Dissemination Complicated by Esophageal Fistula

Coccidioides posadasii in a Dog With Cervical Dissemination Complicated by Esophageal Fistula

A survey of veterinarians’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding an emerging disease: Coccidioidomycosis in Washington State

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