Selected Nutrient Intakes of Free-Living White Children Ages 6–19 Years. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study(40, 41)

Abstract

Summaryciated with ~l a s m a l i~i d and l i~o~r o t e i n levels (5. 6. 11. 14. 20. 21. 24, 25, 27,'33, 35),'and (2) io'report age-and sex-associated We report energy intake and selected nutrient intakes-protein, fat differences in the dietary recall data as obtained during the second (total, saturated, and polyunsaturated), carbohydrate (total, examination of the LRC Prevalence Study. starch. and sucrosel. and cholesterol-for 1251 white children ages 6-19 years. The data were obtained, by means of a 24-h diet& recall, from children who were randomly selected from the North American populations studied by the ~i~i dResearch Clinics Program. Females ( N = 584) consumed about 2000 kcal daily, an intake that remained relatively constant throughout the age groups studied. Males ( N = 667) had an energy intake of 2000 kcal/day during childhood that increased to over 3000 kcal/day in adolescence. Energy sources for both sexes were approximately 15% protein, 38% total fat, 15% saturated fat, 6% polyunsaturated fat, 48% total carbohydrate, 19% starch, and 11% sucrose; cholesterol intake averaged about 145 mg/1000 kcal. For both sexes, fat intake increased with age. Compared to females, males ingested greater amounts of cholesterol and total and saturated fat. Abbreviations LRC, Lipid Research Clinics PUF, polyunsaturated fatty acids SF, saturated fatty acids RDA, Recommended Dietary Allowances P/S ratio, ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acidsThere is a growing consensus that the biochemical and anatomical precursors of atherosclerosis, as well as food habits, have their genesis in childhood (9,17,22,28). Knowledge about nutrient intake in children is an important first step toward understanding the influence of diet on the atherosclerotic process that starts early in life. In this report, we examine the 24-h intake of selected nutrients by children ages 6-19 years, who constituted one-fourth of the individuals sampled in the North American Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) Prevalence Study.The LRC Prevalence Study, conducted from 1972 to 1975, was designed to investigate the prevalence of the hyperlipoproteinemias in selected, free-living populations and to include assessment of certain variables, among them diet, that may influence plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels. The lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol levels of these children have been previously reported (36).The purposes of this report: (1) to describe the intake by these children and adolescents of those nutrients that have been asso- MATERIALS AND METHODS Study populations.Of the seven LRCs that had a pediatric component, six clinics provided sufficient data on 6-19-year-old participants to be included here. Two of the clinic populations were school-based (Baylor and Cincinnati); two were householdbased (La Jolla and Minnesota); one was based on industrial employees (Toronto); and the other was based on enrollees of a prepaid medical plan in Columbia, Maryland (Johns Hopkins). In the latter two clinics, children of the propositus were included for stud...

Nutritional survey in Greek children: nutrient intake

“…The progressive increase in the daily intake of fat, as well as protein and carbohydrates that was found, with the corresponding decrease of the daily amount per body weight according to age is in agreement with other studies (Salz, 1983;Pao, 1985;Deheeger, 1990;McPherson, 1990;Nicklas, 1987;Nicklas, 1991). The higher energy intake derived from fat in children aged 2±3 y is possibly due to the fact that they consume more milk, eggs, meat, biscuits and confectionery than other food items.…”

“…The present study aims to ful®ll this need and is the ®rst epidemiological nutritional survey in Greek children to be based on a large, strati®ed multiform sample (1932 children). In other national studies the sample varies from 460±1401 children (Mcpherson, 1990;Nicklas, 1987;Salz, 1983;Leung, 1984;Hackett, 1985;Jenner, 1988;Arab, 1982;Hagman, 1986;Samuelson, 1971;Persson, 1989) with the exception of the USA, where National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I, II and III had a sample of about 7000 children (Jones, 1985). The selection of the suitable methods to collect dietary information is of great importance for the validity (Young, 1960;Johansen, 1988) and the reliability of the results of the nutritional survey.…”

“…Boys have a higher intake of fat (g/Kg of body weight/d) than girls, mainly in pre and pubertal age groups, which agrees with other studies (Nicklas, 1987;Hagman, 1986;Pao, 1985;Neiderud, 1990). The percentage of energy intake derived from fat is higher (41%) than in other countries: USA (37%), Italy (28%), Finland (37%), Hungary (34%), Holland (38%), Portugal (29%), Australia (39%) and China (31%) (West, 1990;McPherson, 1990;Nicklas, 1987;Nicklas, 1991;Leung, 1984;Jenner, 1988;Pao, 1985;Chen Chu-ming, 1986;Farris, 1984;Salz, 1983), but we must take under consideration the different dietary investigation methods used in some of these studies. Fat intake is much lower among children who live in undernourished countries such as Kenya (12%), the Philippines (16%) and Tanzania (12%).…”

“…The ratio of polysaccharides to total carbohydrates increases in relation to age probably due to increased vegetable and fruit consumption, while that of disaccharides to total carbohydrate decreases, possibly due to the decreased consumption of milk in relation to age. Greek preschoolers have higher intake of disaccharides than in other countries (Salz, 1983;Deheeger, 1990).…”

Fat preferences, dietary fat intake and body composition in children

“…Children learn to prefer tastes,¯avors and even textures that are associated with high energy density and quickly learn to select foods that are rich in fat (Fisher & Birch, 1995). Thus, in general, children consume a high level of dietary fat (Saltz et al, 1983;Wardle & Beales, 1986). A recent food frequency study by Simons-Morton et al (1990) found that few foods account for a signi®cant portion of children's diet.…”