Selected Parameters and Mechanisms of Peripheral and Central Fatigue and Regeneration in Overtrained Athletes

Lehmann, M.; Gastmann, U.; Baur, Susanne; Liu, Yuanyuan; Lormes, W.; Opitz-Gress, A.; Reissnecker, S; Simsch, C; Steinacker, Jürgen M.

doi:10.1007/978-0-585-34048-7_2

Cited by 16 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Overtraining is characterized by decreased ACTH and cortisol responses. Further explanation see text and Barron et al 1985;Lehmann et al 1999b;Snyder et al 1995;Urhausen et al 1998;Wittert et al 1996;redrawn after Lehmann et al (1999b) hypothalamus was thought to be represented by cortisol, catecholamines and growth hormone; other feedback mechanisms were postulated to be neuronal afferents, amino acid imbalance, temperature and other nonspecified error signals (Lehmann et al 1993a(Lehmann et al , 1999bParry-Billings et al 1992). …”

Section: Hormones Cytokines and The Hypothalamus In Training And Ovementioning

confidence: 96%

“…The subsequent hormonal reactions have been frequently described and involve increases in circulatory plasma cortisol, in growth hormone, and catecholamines and respective changes in the related hormonal regulatory axes. Prolonged exercise results in glycogen depletion which induces further counterregulatory activity of these glucostatic hormones (Jost et al 1989;Lehmann et al 1999b;Nehlsen-Cannarella et al 1997;Stupnicki et al 1995;Weicker and Strobel 1997). Carbohydrate supplementation during prolonged exercise diminishes these reactions (Lehmann et al 1992b(Lehmann et al , 1997.…”

Section: Hormonal Regulation Of Glucose Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Fatigue and performance incompetence in overtraining were attributed to an ''overtraining myopathy'' in analogy to the clinically well known effects of hypercortisolemia on skeletal muscle (Lehmann et al 1997(Lehmann et al , 1999b. TNF-a induced by muscle damage may have additional effects (Del Aguila et al 2000).…”

Section: Hormonal and Cytokine Effects On Skeletal Musclementioning

confidence: 97%

“…AMPK is discussed as an intracellular ''masterswitch'' which activates fat oxidation and glucose uptake in relation to the increased rate of ATP utilization during muscle contraction (Ai et al 2002;Richter et al 2001;Winder 2001). The changes in blood glucose during exercise cannot truly reflect the glycogen store and that has led to discussion about whether there are messenger molecules acting as metabolic hormones reflecting glycogen levels (Lehmann et al 1999b. Among the cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) may have a role in glucose homeostasis and will be discussed in more detail.…”

Section: Hormonal Regulation Of Glucose Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A high information load on the hypothalamus during acute or chronic stress will activate excitatory neurons in the hypothalamic network (Barron et al 1985;Baskin et al 1999;Hackney et al 1990;Heuser et al 1991;Spinedi and Gaillard 1998;Wittert et al 1996). This hypothalamic activation may then be related to effects on all efferents -autonomic nervous system, hormonal system, motoneurons -the effects being more stimulating in acute stress and clearly inhibiting in chronic stress, overreaching and overtraining (Lehmann et al 1992a(Lehmann et al , 1997(Lehmann et al , 1998(Lehmann et al , 1999a(Lehmann et al , 1999b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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New aspects of the hormone and cytokine response to training

Steinacker

Lormes

Reissnecker

et al. 2004

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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133

128

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Exercise training is associated with peripheral-cellular and central-cerebral processes, hormonal-neuronal regulation and transmission mechanisms. During the acute training response, peripheral cellular mechanisms are mainly metabolostatic to achieve energy supply and involve associated cytokine and hormonal reactions. Glycogen deficiency is associated with increased expression of local cytokines (interleukin-6, IL-6), decreased expression of glucose transporters, increased cortisol and decreased insulin secretion and beta-adrenergic stimulation. A nutrient-sensing signal of adipose tissue may be represented by leptin which, as for insulin, IL-6 and insulin-like growth-factor I (IGF-I), has profound effects on the hypothalamus and is involved in the metabolic hormonal regulation of exercise and training. Muscle damage and repair processes may involve the expression of inflammatory cytokines (e.g. tumour necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-alpha) and of stress proteins (e.g. heat shock protein 72). During overreaching and overtraining, a myopathy-like state is observed in skeletal muscle with depressed turnover of contractile proteins (e.g. in fast-type glycolytic fibres with a concomitant increase in slow type myosins). These alterations are influenced by exercise-induced hypercortisolism, and by decreased somatotropic hormones (e.g. IGF-I). The hypothalamus integrates various error signals (metabolic, hormonal, sensory afferents and central stimuli) and therefore pituitary releasing hormones represent the functional status of an athlete and long-term hypothalamic hormonal and sympathoadrenal downregulation are some of the prominent hormonal signs of prolonged overtraining and performance incompetence syndrome.

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Section: Hormones Cytokines and The Hypothalamus In Training And Ovementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Hormonal Regulation Of Glucose Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Hormonal and Cytokine Effects On Skeletal Musclementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Hormonal Regulation Of Glucose Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

See 3 more Smart Citations

New aspects of the hormone and cytokine response to training

Steinacker

Lormes

Reissnecker

et al. 2004

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Self Cite

133

128

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Endocrinology of Overtraining

Fry¹,

Steinacker²,

Meeusen³

2005

The Endocrine System in Sports and Exercise

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Effects of Physical Training on Endocrine and Autonomic Response to Acute Stress

Salvador¹,

Ricarte²,

González-Bono³

et al. 2001

Journal of Psychophysiology

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The effects of physical training on autonomic response to acute stress are controversial. In this study, heart rate (HR) and skin conductance level (SCL) were continuously recorded in response to a mental stressor in a sample of elite athletes before and after a period of training and competition. The free testosterone to cortisol ratio (FTCR) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) were used as markers of training impact. After the training, the men and women showed a significant FTCR decrement, although mood and the autonomic response to the acute stressor were not strongly altered. Although men showed significantly lower HR values after training, the results suggest that subjects suffered a transitory state of hormonal overstrain rather than a serious problem of adaptation to training.

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Selected Parameters and Mechanisms of Peripheral and Central Fatigue and Regeneration in Overtrained Athletes

Cited by 16 publications

References 41 publications

New aspects of the hormone and cytokine response to training

New aspects of the hormone and cytokine response to training

Endocrinology of Overtraining

Effects of Physical Training on Endocrine and Autonomic Response to Acute Stress

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