“…Early exiles from the Dutch East Indies included several scholars, for instance those accompanying Shaykh Yūsuf al-Maqassārī (died 1699). Shaykh Yūsuf himself is reported to have instigated Sufi rituals among his followers and to have instructed them using Arabic texts (see Van Bruinessen 1990a: 158, note 25;Haron and Keraan 2008). The Sufi character of his teachings had a definite attraction for the new converts, who were desperately looking for the kind of spirituality they were not allowed to find in the Christian churches (Mason 2002).…”