“…39,40 Upon release, it activates endothelial cells, especially in microvascular endothelium 28,41 and mediates the formation of plateletleukocyte aggregates. 42 TNF-␣, predominantly derived from monocytes, 28 activates endothelial cells to release IL-8, IL-6, and other cytokines. 28,43,44 IL-6 has been previously demonstrated to exert procoagulant effects on platelets, 45,46 stimulate platelet production, 47,48 enhance platelet response to thrombin, 46 stimulate the hepatic release of C-reactive protein 49 and fibrinogen, 28 and promote the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells.…”