“…As such, the discrepancy in classroom-based academic behavior should be resolved by including, perhaps exclusively, incentive for exhibiting the target behavior at a desired rate (Skinner, 1998). SPA has been empirically evaluated across a broad range of instructional levels and CBMs, including reading (e.g., Andersen, Daly, & Young, 2013; Daly Martens, Dool, & Hintze, 1998; Eckert, Ardoin, Daisey, & Scarola, 2000), math (e.g., Gilbertson, Witt, Duhon, & Dufrene, 2008; Reisener, Dufrene, Clark, Olmi, & Tingstrom, 2016), and writing (e.g., Burns, Ganuza, & London, 2009; Parker, Dickey, Burns, & McMaster, 2012). The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the accuracy of SPA, given estimated base rates of performance deficits in the population.…”