Selection is stronger in early-versus-late stages of divergence in a Neotropical livebearing fish

Ingley, Spencer J.; Johnson, Jerald B.

doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.1022

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…BR and BT have recently emerged as a useful system for studying patterns of trait divergence in recently diverged species that occur in different selective environments (Ingley, , ; Ingley & Johnson, , b). Previous work has shown that these species diverge in numerous traits, such as behaviour and morphology, which correspond to different predation environments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Members of the Neotropical livebearing fish genus Brachyrhaphis (Poeciliidae) have received increased attention in ecology and evolution research in recent years (Johnson & Zuniga‐Vega, ; Ingley et al ., , ) and are useful for examining how trade‐offs evolve in different lineages within the same clade, but that are found at different stages of divergence (Ingley, Rehm & Johnson, ; Ingley & Johnson, , b). Several species within Brachyrhaphis contain populations that occur in divergent predation environments, and have repeatedly and independently evolved life‐history (Johnson, ; Jennions & Telford, ), morphological (Wesner et al ., ; Ingley et al ., ), and behavioural (Archard & Braithwaite, ; Ingley et al ., , c) adaptations to their respective environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Repeated evolution of local adaptation in swimming performance: population-level trade-offs between burst and endurance swimming inBrachyrhaphisfreshwater fish

Ingley

Camarillo

Willis

et al. 2016

Biol. J. Linn. Soc.

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Specialization is fundamentally important in biology because specialized traits allow species to expand into new environments, in turn promoting population differentiation and speciation. Specialization often results in trade‐offs between traits that maximize fitness in one environment but not others. Despite the ubiquity of trade‐offs, we know relatively little about how consistently trade‐offs evolve between populations when multiple sets of populations experience similarly divergent selective regimes. In the present study, we report a case study on Brachyrhaphis fishes from different predation environments. We evaluate apparent within/between population trade‐offs in burst‐speed and endurance at two levels of evolutionary diversification: high‐ and low‐predation populations of Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora, and sister species Brachyrhaphis roseni and Brachyrhaphis terrabensis, which occur in high‐ and low‐predation environments, respectively. Populations of Brachyrhaphis experiencing different predation regimes consistently evolved swimming specializations indicative of a trade‐off between two swimming forms that are likely highly adaptive in the environment in which they occur. We show that populations have become similarly locally adapted at both levels of diversification, suggesting that swimming specialization has evolved rather rapidly and persisted post‐speciation. Our findings provide valuable insight into how local adaptation evolves at different stages of evolutionary divergence.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated evolution of local adaptation in swimming performance: population-level trade-offs between burst and endurance swimming inBrachyrhaphisfreshwater fish

Ingley

Camarillo

Willis

et al. 2016

Biol. J. Linn. Soc.

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“…Individual variation can enhance biodiversity across multiple trophic levels (Crutsinger et al., ), cause populations to rebound more quickly from biotic disturbances (Randall Hughes & Stachowicz, ), or even accelerate the rate with which invasive species spread across landscapes (Brown, Phillips, & Shine, ; Fogarty, Cote, & Sih, ; Phillips, Brown, Webb, & Shine, ). Predator–prey interactions, which are our focus here, are known to play a large role in structuring prey population dynamics, community structure, and space use (Addicott, ; Hammill, Atwood, Corvalan, & Srivastava, ; Holt, ; Ingley & Johnson, ,), and several recent studies have shown that the traits of individual predators and prey can influence the outcome of their interaction (McGhee, Pintor, & Bell, ; Pruitt, Stachowicz, & Sih, ; Smith & Blumstein, ). However, predicting under what conditions individual variation will have its largest effects is still challenging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat complexity dampens selection on prey activity level

et al. 2017

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Conspecific prey individuals often exhibit persistent differences in behavior (i.e., animal personality) and consequently vary in their susceptibility to predation. How this form of selection varies across environmental contexts is essential to predicting ecological and evolutionary dynamics, yet remains currently unresolved. Here, we use three separate predator-prey systems (sea star-snail, wolf spider-cricket, and jumping spider-cricket) to independently examine how habitat structural complexity influences the selection that predators impose on prey behavioral types. Prior to conducting staged predator-prey interaction encounters, we ran prey individuals through multiple behavioral assays to determine their average activity level. We then allowed individual predators to interact with groups of prey in either open or structurally complex habitats and recorded the number and individual identity of prey that were eaten. Habitat complexity had no effect on overall predation rates in any of the three predator-prey systems. Despite this, we detected a pervasive interaction between habitat structure and individual prey activity level in determining individual prey survival. In open habitats, all predators imposed strong selection on prey behavioral types: sea stars preferentially consumed sedentary snails, while spiders preferentially consumed active crickets. Habitat complexity dampened selection within all three systems, equalizing the predation risk that active and sedentary prey faced. These findings suggest a general effect of habitat complexity that reduces the importance of prey activity level in determining individual predation risk. We reason this occurs because activity level (i.e., movement) is paramount in determining risk within open environments, whereas in complex habitats, other behavioral traits (e.g., escape ability to a refuge) may take precedence. K E Y W O R D Sactivity, habitat complexity, individual variation, predator-prey interactions, selection

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“…Local adaptation has long been a central topic in ecology and evolution because adaptive, specialized traits can allow species to expand into new environments, which in turn can help promote diversification (Coyne & Orr, 2004;Funk, 1998;Rundle & Nosil, 2005;Sandoval & Nosil, 2005;Schluter, 2000). Populations that occur in different selective regimes often become locally adapted to their native environment, sometimes resulting in phenotypic trade-offs (i.e., negative correlations among beneficial traits) in one or more ecologically relevant, fitness determining traits (Agrawal, Conner, & Rasmann, 2010;Ingley & Johnson, 2016a, 2016bJoshi & Thompson, 1995;Schluter, 2000;Via, Bouck, & Skillman, 2000). These trade-offs may then lead to the emergence of closely related populations that differ substantially in one or more traits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social context, but not individual personality, alters immigrant viability in a spider with mixed social structure

et al. 2016

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Immigrant viability is a major determinant of the realized rate of gene flow across populations. For social organisms, the social context in which immigrants disperse across contrasting environments may have important implications for their viability post dispersal. Here, we use social spiders, which vary in individual personality as well as the group personality compositions across sites, to test if the strength of selection against immigrants (i.e., mortality rates) differs depending on whether spiders are transplanted i) as individuals and remain alone, ii) join preexisting colonies at their new non-native environment, or iii) move with their native group. We also tested for an effect of individual personality on survival. We found that social context, and not individual personality, affects individual survival in foreign environments with contrasting resource levels. Individuals that were transplanted with their native groups suffer higher mortality rates compared to individuals transplanted as singletons, regardless of whether or not they are assimilated into native colonies. Moving as individuals could thus provide an avenue for ongoing gene flow among populations from different resource environments. We found no depressed performance of control colonies that were transplanted across sites with resource levels similar to colonies' site of origin. These results are at odds with the intuition that dispersing as a group should generally enhance the viability of immigrants, at least in social species. We propose that these results could be explained by a mismatch in the ideal group compositions (personality compositions) favored in different environments, despite a lack of selection on individual personality traits. These results provide a first glimpse into the relative roles of individual personality and social context in mediating gene flow among populations from divergent environments.

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Selection is stronger in early-versus-late stages of divergence in a Neotropical livebearing fish

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

Repeated evolution of local adaptation in swimming performance: population-level trade-offs between burst and endurance swimming inBrachyrhaphisfreshwater fish

Repeated evolution of local adaptation in swimming performance: population-level trade-offs between burst and endurance swimming inBrachyrhaphisfreshwater fish

Habitat complexity dampens selection on prey activity level

Social context, but not individual personality, alters immigrant viability in a spider with mixed social structure

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