Selection of container materials for modern planar sodium sulfur (NaS) energy storage cells towards higher thermo-mechanical stability

Xu, Yifan; Jung, Kyu Yong; Park, Yoon-Cheol; Kim, Chang-Soo

doi:10.1016/j.est.2017.05.007

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The traditional Na–S battery employs a Na ( T m = 98 °C) anode, a S ( T m = 115 °C) cathode, and Na ion conductive β-alumina ceramic as the electrolyte and separator. , The most important advantage of the tubular structure of the Na–S battery is its ample room to compensate the volumetric change of anodes and cathodes during battery cycling, thereby minimizing the sealing area and rendering it a practical battery design. Apart from tubular structure, planar designs of Na–S batteries have also been reported. , In order to overcome the resistance posed by the flow of Na + through the β-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE), Na–S batteries are operated at about 300–350 °C for keeping the electrodes in molten state . The principle of the Na–S battery is predominantly predicated on the electrochemical reaction between Na and S forming sodium polysulfide (Na 2 S x ) .…”

Section: Molten Salt Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rechargeable Batteries for Grid Scale Energy Storage

et al. 2022

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Ever-increasing global energy consumption has driven the development of renewable energy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) with high electrochemical performance are critical for enabling renewable yet intermittent sources of energy such as solar and wind. In recent years, numerous new battery technologies have been achieved and showed great potential for grid scale energy storage (GSES) applications. However, their practical applications have been greatly impeded due to the gap between the breakthroughs achieved in research laboratories and the industrial applications. In addition, various complex applications call for different battery performances. Matching of diverse batteries to various applications is required to promote practical energy storage research achievement. This review provides indepth discussion and comprehensive consideration in the battery research field for GSES. The overall requirements of battery technologies for practical applications with key parameters are systematically analyzed by generating standards and measures for GSES. We also discuss recent progress and existing challenges for some representative battery technologies with great promise for GSES, including metal-ion batteries, lead−acid batteries, molten-salt batteries, alkaline batteries, redox-flow batteries, metal−air batteries, and hydrogen-gas batteries. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of bringing emerging battery technologies from academia to industry. Our perspectives on the future development of batteries for GSES applications are provided.

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Section: Molten Salt Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rechargeable Batteries for Grid Scale Energy Storage

et al. 2022

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“…Extant studies indicate that edge cracks in the ceramic-metal joint are generated by the residual stress caused by CTE differences with the metal and ceramics and the magnitude and distribution of the residual stress in the joints are typically measured by using the finite element method (FEM) [8,10,20,22,31,32]. In order to calculate the magnitude and distribution of residual stress in the joints brazed with brazing alloys, which is a main factor in increasing the crack susceptibility, a three-dimensional (3-D) FEM was used.…”

Section: Finite Element Analysis Of Residual Stress In Jointsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Bonding Temperature on Crack Occurrences in Al2O3/SS 430 Joints Using Cu-Based Brazing Alloys

Heo

Kim

Park

et al. 2018

Metals

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The effect of bonding temperature on crack occurrences in α-Al2O3/SS 430 joints using Cu-based brazing alloys was investigated with emphasis on the microstructural characterization, hardness, and analytical residual stresses of the joints. The brazing was conducted using Cu-7Al-xTi and Cu-7Al-xZr (x = 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5) alloys at 1000 °C and 1080 °C leading to solid–liquid and liquid-state bonding, respectively. Cracks occurred in the joints brazed at 1080 °C irrespective of the alloys, while crack-free joints were obtained at 1000 °C for joints with only Cu-7Al-xZr alloys. Increases in the bonding temperature or utilization of Cu-7Al-xTi alloys led to a formation of brittle Fe-containing intermetallic or Fe-Cr phases in the brazed seams due to the dissolution of Fe from SS 430, which deteriorated the mechanical properties of the brazed seam. Maximum residual stresses of the real brazed joint were obtained by combining the calculated yield strength and measured hardness of the brazed seams. Eventually, when the hardness of the brazed seam was less than 107 Hv, the yield strength was 124 MPa or less and the maximum residual stress generated in the joint corresponded to 624 MPa or less, leading to a crack-free joint.

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“…For the ceramic-metal joint, the residual stress caused by mismatches in the thermal coefficient expansion (CTE) between the ceramic and metal components should be controlled in order to achieve good mechanical properties [6,8,[28][29][30]. However, when selecting an intermediate layer between the ceramic and metal, not only the differences in the thermal expansion mismatch but also the mechanical characteristics, such as the yield strength, should be considered [28,29].…”

Section: Nomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Heterogeneous metal-ceramic joints have been found in a number of applications such as electronic devices, automobiles, and high-temperature batteries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. One of popular methods for metal to ceramic boning is brazing, in which an active brazing alloy (ABA) is placed between the ceramic and metal components, followed by heating for a certain period of time to induce a chemical bonding at the interface [6,8]. Active brazing alloys typically consist of three main alloying elements, which are called an ABC alloying system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of Interfacial Reaction Layers in Al2O3/SS 430 Brazed Joints Using Cu-7Al-3.5Zr Alloys

Heo

Joung

Jung

et al. 2018

Metals

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The formation of interfacial reaction layers was investigated in an α-Al2O3/430 stainless steel (SS430) joint brazed using a Cu-7Al-3.5Zr active brazing alloy. Brazing was conducted at above its eutectic temperature of 945 °C and below liquidus 1045 °C, where liquid and solid phases of the brazing alloys coexists. At 1000 °C, the liquid phase of the brazing alloy was wet onto the α-Al2O3 surface. Zr in the liquid phase reduced α-Al2O3 to form a continuous ZrO2 layer. As the dwell time increased, Zr in the liquid phases near α-Al2O3 interface was used up to thicken the reaction layers. The growth kinetics of the layer obeys the parabolic rate law with a rate constant of 9.25 × 10−6 cm·s−1/2. It was observed that a number of low yield strength Cu-rich particles were dispersed over the reaction layer, which can release the residual stress of the joint resulting in reduction of crack occurrence.

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Selection of container materials for modern planar sodium sulfur (NaS) energy storage cells towards higher thermo-mechanical stability

Cited by 15 publications

References 37 publications

Rechargeable Batteries for Grid Scale Energy Storage

Rechargeable Batteries for Grid Scale Energy Storage

Effect of Bonding Temperature on Crack Occurrences in Al2O3/SS 430 Joints Using Cu-Based Brazing Alloys

Formation of Interfacial Reaction Layers in Al2O3/SS 430 Brazed Joints Using Cu-7Al-3.5Zr Alloys

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