Selection of copper against aluminium windings for distribution transformers

Olivares-Galván, J. C.; León, Francisco de; Georgilakis, Pavlos S.; Escarela‐Perez, R.

doi:10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0297

Cited by 59 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The use of aluminium (Al) conductors in electrical machines, transformers and inductors has been researched over several decades [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The most common application of Al conductors are in induction machines rotor cages and power transformer windings [3][4][5]8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Study of Copper and Aluminium Conductors - Future Cost Effective PM Machines

Wróbel¹,

Salt²,

Simpson³

et al. 2014

7th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2014)

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This paper investigates the use of aluminium (Al) as an alternative to the more common copper (Cu) conductors used in the construction of future cost effective PM machines. The use of Al conductors in the context of PM machine design has not been widely explored or reported in the literature. The main focus of this research has been placed on the power loss generated at ac operation and associated thermal and heat transfer phenomena, which are essential to understand when a compact and efficient machine design utilising Al conductors is considered.The ac winding loss component depends on the winding electrical resistivity in a different manner than that at dc operation. Elevated electrical resistivity of the winding is caused either by the winding temperature rise and/or winding material used, e.g. Al, and results in the ac winding power loss component to be reduced. However, the overall winding power loss at ac operation is dependent on both ac and dc power loss components, therefore careful design considerations must be taken in order to fully utilise physical properties of the conductor material.To illustrate importance of these effects a number of hardware exemplars have been evaluated using both experimental and theoretical approaches. The initial results suggest that Al might be an interesting alternative to more common Cu conductors for some PM machine applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common application of Al conductors are in induction machines rotor cages and power transformer windings [3][4][5]8]. However, there are several other applications reported in the literature including highfrequency electrical machines, transformers, inductors and high-power hydroelectric generators [1,6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study of Copper and Aluminium Conductors - Future Cost Effective PM Machines

Wróbel¹,

Salt²,

Simpson³

et al. 2014

7th IET International Conference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD 2014)

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“…Figure 64 shows the stress analysis of a 0 AWG wire when subjected to a prospective steady-state fault current of 26 kA which is the worst-case scenario and should be simulated for safety purposes. The maximum simulated radial stress for a 0 AWG copper wire is 131.6 MPa and is less than the maximum structural strength of the copper of 140 MPa [41]. Although the result is close to the maximum tensile strength of copper, the simulated current of 26 kA through the coils is the worst-case scenario and the mechanical limits should not be reached under any operating conditions.…”

Section: A High Voltage Modelmentioning

confidence: 79%

A neodymium hybrid fault current limiter

Prigmore

Mendoza

Karady

2014

Int. Trans. Electr. Energ. Syst.

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This dissertation presents a new hybrid fault current limiter (FCL) topology that is primarily intended to protect single-phase power equipment. It can however be extended to protect three phase systems but would need three devices to protect each individual phase. In comparison against the existing fault current limiter technology, the salient features of the proposed topology are: a) provides variable impedance that provides a 50% reduction in prospective fault current; b) near instantaneous response time which is within the first half cycle (1-4 ms); c) the use of semiconductor switches as the commutating switch which produces reduced leakage current, reduced losses, improved reliability, and a faster switch time (ns-µs); d) zero losses in steady-state operation; e) use of a Neodymium (NdFeB) permanent magnet as the limiting impedance which reduces size, cost, weight, eliminates DC biasing and cooling costs; f) use of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to control the magnitude of the fault current to a user's desired level. g) experimental test system is developed and tested to prove the concepts of the proposed FCL.This dissertation presents the proposed topology and its working principle backed up with numerical verifications, simulation results, and hardware implementation results. Conclusions and future work are also presented.ii DEDICATION

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“…2 is based on the references [14] and [18]. This curve intersects two basic points, the first being the mechanical stress at 10 3 cycles, which corresponds to 90% of the tensile strength of copper; and the second is the mechanical stress at 10 6 cycles, which is called the fatigue limit.…”

Section: B Fatigue Criterionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodology to Evaluate the Electromechanical Effects of Electromagnetic Forces on Conductive Materials in Transformer Windings Using the Von Mises and Fatigue Criteria

Araújo

Costa

Andrade

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. Power Delivery

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A methodology based on computer simulations and aiming to estimate the lifespan of transformer windings after the occurrence of short circuits is presented in this paper. The Von Mises and fatigue criteria are employed to determine the failure proximity of the windings. The obtained results contribute to the evaluation of the influence of electromechanical effects in transformer windings and to the determination of the number of short circuits that a transformer winding can support. The simulation results may also be employed in the design of transformers and failure diagnosis, to increase the security margin against mechanical failures.

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Selection of copper against aluminium windings for distribution transformers

Cited by 59 publications

References 25 publications

Comparative Study of Copper and Aluminium Conductors - Future Cost Effective PM Machines

Comparative Study of Copper and Aluminium Conductors - Future Cost Effective PM Machines

A neodymium hybrid fault current limiter

Methodology to Evaluate the Electromechanical Effects of Electromagnetic Forces on Conductive Materials in Transformer Windings Using the Von Mises and Fatigue Criteria

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