Selection of kraft lignin fractions as a partial substitute for phenol in synthesis of phenolic resins: Structure-property correlation

Rodrigues, Jéssica S.; Freitas, Amanda de Sousa Martinez de; Maciel, Cristiane C.; Mendes, Sophia Franciscani; Diment, Daryna; Balakshin, Mikhail; Botaro, Vagner Roberto

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115948

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Because of its extremely complex structure, high resistance to biotransformation, and complex transformation products, lignin is difficult to utilize efficiently and is often used as a fuel for combustion in the pulp and paper production industry [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. The waste generated by burning lignin as a fuel not only pollutes the environment but also causes a huge waste of resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of High-Toughness Lignin Phenolic Resin Biomaterials Based via Polybutylene Succinate Molecular Intercalation

Xie

Sun

Yang

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Lignin has many potential applications and is a biopolymer with a three-dimensional network structure. It is composed of three phenylpropane units, p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl, connected by ether bonds and carbon–carbon bonds, and it contains a large number of phenol or aldehyde structural units, resulting in complex lignin structures. This limits the application of lignin. To expand the application range of lignin, we prepared lignin thermoplastic phenolic resins (LPRs) by using lignin instead of phenol; these LPRs had molecular weights of up to 1917 g/mol, a molecular weight distribution of 1.451, and an O/P value of up to 2.73. Due to the complex structure of the lignin, the synthetic lignin thermoplastic phenolic resins were not very tough, which greatly affected the performance of the material. If the lignin phenolic resins were toughened, their application range would be substantially expanded. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) has excellent processability and excellent mechanical properties. The toughening effects of different PBS contents in the LPRs were investigated. PBS was found to be compatible with the LPRs, and the flexible chain segments of the small PBS molecules were embedded in the molecular chain segments of the LPRs, thus reducing the crystallinities of the LPRs. The good compatibility between the two materials promoted hydrogen bond formation between the PBS and LPRs. Rheological data showed good interfacial bonding between the materials, and the modulus of the high-melting PBS made the LPRs more damage resistant. When PBS was added at 30%, the tensile strength of the LPRs was increased by 2.8 times to 1.65 MPa, and the elongation at break increased by 31 times to 93%. This work demonstrates the potential of lignin thermoplastic phenolic resins for industrial applications and provides novel concepts for toughening biobased aromatic resins with PBS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of High-Toughness Lignin Phenolic Resin Biomaterials Based via Polybutylene Succinate Molecular Intercalation

Xie

Sun

Yang

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…While phenol or formaldehyde alone can cause environmental pollution, the combination of these two chemicals in a certain proportion to form active phenolic resin can significantly reduce their impact on the environment. 32,33 So far, most polymer gels still suffer from shortcomings such as insufficient crosslinking strength and short shelf life at temperatures above 100 C and salinity of 200,000 mg/L. The performance of PPGs needs to be further improved in the Face of increasingly complex reservoir environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, phenolic resin is currently widely utilized. While phenol or formaldehyde alone can cause environmental pollution, the combination of these two chemicals in a certain proportion to form active phenolic resin can significantly reduce their impact on the environment 32,33 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study on the plugging and profile control of preformed particle gels in high temperature and salinity reservoir

Fan

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A novel modified polysaccharide composite preformed particle gel (MCPG) was synthesized as a profile control agent to improve the situation of high water cut and low oil recovery. Then, the structure of MCPG was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). Subsequently, the impact of MCPG on enhanced oil recovery was investigated through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and core displacement experiments. The results of FTIR, XRD, and ESEM indicate that monomers have been successfully intercalated into the layered structure of nanoscale sodium bentonite. In the condition of 130 C and salinity of 240,000 mg/L, the value of the swelling ratio and the toughness factor can reach about 30 and 0.87, respectively. The results of nonlinear fitting indicate that the relationship between the resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient with the matching coefficient (β) followed a power function, while the blocking water efficiency with β followed an exponential function. When the permeability ratio was as high as 30.58, MCPG still exhibited excellent profile improvement performance. NMR experiments proved that MCPG increased the displacement resistance in large pores and effectively enhanced the displacement efficiency in medium pores and small pores. The oil displacement efficiency in MCPG flooding and subsequent water flooding stages increased by 18.65% and 8.42%, respectively.

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“…Phenol can also be substituted by lignin, − a natural polymer (the second most abundant natural polymer on earth after cellulose) with a phenolic motif and a highly complex crosslinked structure that varies according to the plant species, the age of the plant, the environment, etc. Thus, a resin in which part of the phenol is substituted by lignin fragments may have thermal properties as interesting as a phenolic resin but with a more complex chemical architecture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formaldehyde-Free and Phenol-Free Non-toxic Phenolic Resins with High Thermostability

Chaussoy

Brandt

Gerard

2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Today, phenolic resins are polymers still widely used, with a global production of about 12 million tons/per year. However, their syntheses need the use of formaldehyde and phenol, which are highly toxic. Notably, formaldehyde is carcinogenic. Therefore, the reagents used for the synthesis of phenolic resins must be substituted by non-toxic compounds to preserve the health of users. These resins are extensively used as a char precursor for composite-based thermal protection systems. For thermostability, aromatic structures are preferred, so this work proposes to study the substitution of formaldehyde by aromatic aldehydes, as well as the substitution of phenol by less toxic phenolic analogues. The resin composition, chemistry, and reaction mechanisms of polymerization were deeply studied. The thermostability and thermomechanical properties were also investigated. It was possible to use terephthalaldehyde as formaldehyde replacement and 2-hydroxymethylphenol as phenol replacement to obtain resins without phenol or formaldehyde, with extremely interesting thermomechanical properties [temperature at 5% of mass loss (Td 5% ) = 390 °C, char yield = 62%, and Tα > 200 °C]. In addition, the synthesis of these resins remains easy to implement and upscale.

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Selection of kraft lignin fractions as a partial substitute for phenol in synthesis of phenolic resins: Structure-property correlation

Cited by 22 publications

References 65 publications

Preparation of High-Toughness Lignin Phenolic Resin Biomaterials Based via Polybutylene Succinate Molecular Intercalation

Preparation of High-Toughness Lignin Phenolic Resin Biomaterials Based via Polybutylene Succinate Molecular Intercalation

Experimental study on the plugging and profile control of preformed particle gels in high temperature and salinity reservoir

Formaldehyde-Free and Phenol-Free Non-toxic Phenolic Resins with High Thermostability

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