Abstract:In this work, we describe the selection and characterization of single-domain antibodies (sdAb) towards the E2/E3E2 envelope protein of the Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV). Our purpose was to identify novel recognition elements which could be used for the detection, diagnosis, and perhaps treatment of western equine encephalitis (WEE). To achieve this goal, we prepared an immune phage display library derived from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of a llama that had been immunized with an equine vaccin… Show more
“…Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) [189] virus particles immune scFv, scFv-Fc in vitro neutralization, in vivo protection [190] E2/E3E2 envelope proteins immune VHH ELISA (MagPlex assay) [191] Yellow fever virus (YFV) domain II of envelope protein immune scFv, IgG in vitro neutralization, in vivo protection [192] Zika virus (ZIKV) envelope (E) protein immune scFv ELISA, WB, FACS, in vitro inhibition [193] nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) immune VHH ELISA [194] Undoubtedly, phage antibodies are an excellent alternative to classical antibodies as sensing elements in virus diagnostics by biosensors (Table 3). For example, Kim et al [180] developed a COVID-19 biosensor based on the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA).…”
Section: Phage Antibodies For Virus Detection/identificationmentioning
Viruses are widespread in the environment, and many of them are major pathogens of serious plant, animal, and human diseases. The risk of pathogenicity, together with the capacity for constant mutation, emphasizes the need for measures to rapidly detect viruses. The need for highly sensitive bioanalytical methods to diagnose and monitor socially significant viral diseases has increased in the past few years. This is due, on the one hand, to the increased incidence of viral diseases in general (including the unprecedented spread of a new coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2), and, on the other hand, to the need to overcome the limitations of modern biomedical diagnostic methods. Phage display technology antibodies as nano-bio-engineered macromolecules can be used for sensor-based virus detection. This review analyzes the commonly used virus detection methods and approaches and shows the prospects for the use of antibodies prepared by phage display technology as sensing elements for sensor-based virus detection.
“…Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) [189] virus particles immune scFv, scFv-Fc in vitro neutralization, in vivo protection [190] E2/E3E2 envelope proteins immune VHH ELISA (MagPlex assay) [191] Yellow fever virus (YFV) domain II of envelope protein immune scFv, IgG in vitro neutralization, in vivo protection [192] Zika virus (ZIKV) envelope (E) protein immune scFv ELISA, WB, FACS, in vitro inhibition [193] nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) immune VHH ELISA [194] Undoubtedly, phage antibodies are an excellent alternative to classical antibodies as sensing elements in virus diagnostics by biosensors (Table 3). For example, Kim et al [180] developed a COVID-19 biosensor based on the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA).…”
Section: Phage Antibodies For Virus Detection/identificationmentioning
Viruses are widespread in the environment, and many of them are major pathogens of serious plant, animal, and human diseases. The risk of pathogenicity, together with the capacity for constant mutation, emphasizes the need for measures to rapidly detect viruses. The need for highly sensitive bioanalytical methods to diagnose and monitor socially significant viral diseases has increased in the past few years. This is due, on the one hand, to the increased incidence of viral diseases in general (including the unprecedented spread of a new coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2), and, on the other hand, to the need to overcome the limitations of modern biomedical diagnostic methods. Phage display technology antibodies as nano-bio-engineered macromolecules can be used for sensor-based virus detection. This review analyzes the commonly used virus detection methods and approaches and shows the prospects for the use of antibodies prepared by phage display technology as sensing elements for sensor-based virus detection.
Alphaviruses are arthropod-transmitted RNA viruses that cause epidemics of human infection and disease on a global scale. These viruses are classified as either arthritogenic or encephalitic based on their genetic relatedness and the clinical syndromes they cause. Although there are currently no approved therapeutics or vaccines against alphaviruses, passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies confers protection in animal models. This Review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the host factors required for alphavirus entry, the mechanisms of action by which protective antibodies inhibit different steps in the alphavirus infection cycle and candidate alphavirus vaccines currently under clinical evaluation that focus on humoral immunity. A comprehensive understanding of alphavirus entry and antibody-mediated protection may inform the development of new classes of countermeasures for these emerging viruses.
“…The mode of action of the non-neutralizing antibodies cannot be the blocking of the virus host cell receptor interaction, but protection may results from complement-mediated lysis, antibody-dependent cell-mediated lysis of infected cells or opsonization followed by uptake by phagocytes ( Burke et al., 2018 ). Single domain antibodies generated against E3E2 of WEEV from a llama immune library allowed the development of a MagPlex sandwich immunoassay to detect specifically WEEV and discriminate from other alphaviruses ( Liu et al., 2018 ).…”
Section: Recombinant Antibodies Against Virusesmentioning
Antibodies are essential molecules for diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by pathogens and their toxins. Antibodies were integrated in our medical repertoire against infectious diseases more than hundred years ago by using animal sera to treat tetanus and diphtheria. In these days, most developed therapeutic antibodies target cancer or autoimmune diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic was a reminder about the importance of antibodies for therapy against infectious diseases. While monoclonal antibodies could be generated by hybridoma technology since the 70ies of the former century, nowadays antibody phage display, among other display technologies, is robustly established to discover new human monoclonal antibodies. Phage display is an in vitro technology which confers the potential for generating antibodies from universal libraries against any conceivable molecule of sufficient size and omits the limitations of the immune systems. If convalescent patients or immunized/infected animals are available, it is possible to construct immune phage display libraries to select in vivo affinity-matured antibodies. A further advantage is the availability of the DNA sequence encoding the phage displayed antibody fragment, which is packaged in the phage particles. Therefore, the selected antibody fragments can be rapidly further engineered in any needed antibody format according to the requirements of the final application. In this review, we present an overview of phage display derived recombinant antibodies against bacterial, viral and eukaryotic pathogens, as well as microbial toxins, intended for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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