Selection of tests and batteries for forensic neuropsychological evaluations.

Larrabee, Glenn J.

doi:10.1037/0000032-004

Cited by 13 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The approach advocated for forensic neuropsychological testing in CST and CR cases is a flexible, brief battery, hypothesis-testing, process approach. This is similar to the hypothesis-testing approach suggested by Lezak et al (2012) or the scientific approach to forensic neuropsychology recommended by Larrabee (2012). The first step of the process is developing hypotheses, followed by testing and refining these hypotheses.…”

Section: Specialized Knowledgementioning

confidence: 75%

Competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility in forensic neuropsychology practice.

Mallory¹,

Guyton²

2017

APA Handbook of Forensic Neuropsychology.

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Competency-to-stand-trial (CST) evaluations are the backbone of criminal forensic psychology practice. CST evaluations may be the most common criminal forensic psychology evaluation (Zapf & Roesch, 2009). Criminal responsibility (CR) defenses are relatively rare, used in only about 1 in 1,000 felony cases (Melton, Petrila, Poythress, & Slobogin, 2007;Packer, 2009). The number of CR evaluations completed is unknown but is likely significantly greater than the number of CR defenses actually taken to trial. The forensic psychology literature has many excellent reviews of CST and CR (e.g., Hall, 2008;Weiner & Hess, 2006). Although forensic neuropsychologists are more likely to practice in civil court, they play a growing role in criminal court as well, including CST and CR evaluations. In fact, neuropsychology is likely underused in CST and CR cases, even when brain disorder or neurocognitive deficits are suspected.This chapter provides an introduction to the concepts of CST and CR and reviews the landmark cases, precedents, and concepts involved in each. A review of the literature and legal cases specifically for neuropsychology and CST and CR is provided. True to the identity of this volume as a practical handbook, we emphasize practical issues and recommendations for conducting forensic neuropsychological CST and CR evaluations.Although CST and CR are used throughout this chapter, there are many alternate names. CR refers primarily to insanity and may be termed not guilty by reason of insanity or guilty except for insanity. The focus of a CR evaluation is the defendant's capacity to have understood, at the time of the offense, that the conduct was wrong. There are closely related issues as well, such as questions of extreme emotional disturbance (EED) or diminished capacity.CST is also known as adjudicative competency, trial competency, or fitness to proceed. Defendants found incompetent are known as incompetent to stand trial (IST). An evaluator may assess many specific competencies: to (a) waive Miranda rights, (b) confess, (c) waive counsel, (d) represent oneself, (e) make a plea, and so forth. For a discussion of these specific competencies in forensic neuropsychology see Horton and Hartlage (2010). As used in this chapter, CST refers to whether the defendant (a) has a factual and rational understanding of the legal proceedings against defendant, (b) is able to assist the attorney, and (c) is able to participate in the defense. These three concepts are often referred to the "three prongs" of CST. PRIMER ON THE LEGAL CONCEPTS OF COMPETENCE TO STAND TRIAL AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITYBoth CST and CR have long social and legal histories. In the sections that follow, we provide brief historical outlines of these concepts, intended to assist in developing an understanding of their use in today's court systems.

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Section: Specialized Knowledgementioning

confidence: 75%

Competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility in forensic neuropsychology practice.

Mallory¹,

Guyton²

2017

APA Handbook of Forensic Neuropsychology.

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“…Integration of these data sources involves a consistency analysis. Larrabee (2012) suggested a four-component consistency analysis for neuropsychological decision making that considers the following:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the tests: Record review, interview, and observations in forensic neuropsychology.

Fink¹

2017

APA Handbook of Forensic Neuropsychology.

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Research on bias from cognitive and social psychology has informed the ways in which not only examinee bias but also examiner bias can affect the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data from the interview, observations, and record review. The recent work of Murrie, Boccaccini, Guarnera, and Rufino (2013), for instance, indicated a tendency for a partisan allegiance bias, in which forensic psychologists in an experiment tended to form opinions that clearly inclined toward the adversarial side that hired them. In practice, such bias may, for a very small subset of examiners, one hopes, be overtly driven by unethical financial self-interest, yet there are likewise a host of covert, unintentional cognitive biases that have been identified as potential factors influencing evaluators' judgments (Neal & Grisso, 2014;Richards, Geiger, & Tussey, 2015).We see what we look for, and we look for what we know. (Goethe, as cited in Roberts, 1999, p. 209) Shermer (2011) deemed confirmation bias the "mother of all cognitive biases" (p. 259), because

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“…The clinical interview is foundational to neuropsychological assessment. Although interview content and format differ for children (Heffelfinger, 2014) and adults (Hebben & Milberg, 2009), areas of overlap include assessment of orientation, self-monitoring, activity level, cognitive status, affect, mood, current stresses, and medical status; other issues either are or could become associated with the evaluation (e.g., Larrabee, 2017;Wright & Wright, 2015). Information gleaned from the interview is accompanied by observations of the patient's comportment, gait, appearance, and engagement/cooperation (i.e., rapport) with the assessor.…”

Section: Neuropsychological Domain-based Assessment Interviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropsychological measures for assessing disordered thought and perception.

Yalof¹

2021

Psychological Assessment of Disordered Thinking and Perception.

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N europsychology as a discipline emphasizes the intensive and specialized study of brain-behavior relationships (Lezak et al., 2012;Miller & Maricle, 2019). Neuropsychologists work in a variety of settings, including psychiatric, medical, educational, forensic, outpatient, and private practice, and have the option of pursuing board certification in a specialty area in accord with designated prerequisites in education and training that align with practice interests (Hebben & Milberg, 2009;Miller & Maricle, 2019). Primary among the neuropsychologist's professional activities are assessment, diagnosis, and intervention. These actions span a problem base ranging from early life neurodevelopmental disorders to dementia. Evaluations address the overlapping domains of attention, executive functioning, memory, language, social cognition, visual-motor functioning, and personality functioning. Neuropsychological testing can be lengthy (Sweet et al., 2015) and requires assessor familiarity with different tests and measures (Hebben & Milberg, 2009;Miller & Maricle, 2019;Rabin et al., 2016) to quantify and qualify diagnostic complexity. In a relatively recent survey, dementia was the most frequently assessed area among neuropsychologists who work with adults, whereas pediatric neuropsychologists most often evaluate for the presence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Sweet et al., 2015). ADHD was also among the top five referral questions for adult neuropsychologists (Sweet et al., 2015).

show abstract

Selection of tests and batteries for forensic neuropsychological evaluations.

Cited by 13 publications

References 50 publications

Competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility in forensic neuropsychology practice.

Competency to stand trial and criminal responsibility in forensic neuropsychology practice.

Beyond the tests: Record review, interview, and observations in forensic neuropsychology.

Neuropsychological measures for assessing disordered thought and perception.

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