Selection response of cortisol and lysozyme in rainbow trout and correlation to growth

Fevolden, Svein-Erik; Røed, Knut; Fjalestad, Kjersti Turid

doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00660-3

Cited by 96 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…For instance might different genetic strains exhibit different resting levels (baseline) of cortisol due to the effects at any levels in the HPI axis (Fevolden et al 2002;Pottinger and Carrick 1999;Tanck et al 2002;Tanck et al 2001). Each level of the axis (hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, interrenal cells) is subjected to opposite influences, trophic via their respective stimulating inputs (such as CRH to the pituitary or ACTH to the interrenal cells) and inhibitory via corticosteroid hormones (negative feedback) (Mormede et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Iversen

Eliassen

2013

Fish Physiol Biochem

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The experiment consisted of three experimental groups; 1) "vaccine and stress", 2) "stress and vaccine" and 3) control. All groups have previously been vaccinated 6 months prior to the start of the experiment. At the start of the experiment the "vaccine and stress" group was vaccinated with Pentium Forte Plus for the second time (25.02.2008), and then given a daily stressor (crowding stressor, 267 kg m-3 in 15 min) for a period of four weeks. The "stress and vaccine" group was given a similar daily stressor for four weeks, and then vaccinated for the second time. The control group was neither stressed nor vaccinated a second time. The results indicates that a fish in the "stress and vaccine" group enters an allostatic overload type 2 due to oversensitivity to ACTH, a reduced efficient negative feedback system, with elevated baseline levels of plasma cortisol, and reduced immune response with pronounced effects on the wellbeing of the animal. The "vaccine and stress" group entered an allostatic overload type 1 response, with oversensitivity to ACTH and transient reduced efficient negative feedback system, but at the end of the experiment the fish had recovered. This study shows that if plasma cortisol becomes elevated prior to vaccination it could instigate an allostatic overload type 2 with dire consequences on animal welfare. To reduce the risk of compromising the animal welfare during commercial vaccination of salmon one propose to grade the fish minimum a week prior to vaccination, or grade simultaneously with vaccination. This could reduce the overall allostatic load during handling and vaccination, and secure a healthy fish, with intact immune response and improved animal welfare.3

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Iversen

Eliassen

2013

Fish Physiol Biochem

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“…These include: (i) negative feedback of cortisol on the release of the hypothalamic and pituitary hormones that promote its secretion (Barton et al, 1987); (ii) desensitisation of the interrenal tissue to ACTH stimulation (Barton and Iwama, 1991;Rotllant et al, 2001); (iii) increased cortisol degradation rate (Vijayan and Leatherland, 1990); (iv) desensitisation of target tissues to cortisol via a reduction in the abundance of cortisol receptors (Pottinger, 1990). There is considerable interindividual variability in stress-induced cortisol levels and this has a genetic basis (Fevolden et al, 2002). Lines of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with divergent low and high cortisol responses to stressors have been produced by selective breeding, and these offer potential for optimising performance of fish under intensive rearing conditions in aquaculture (Fevolden et al, 1993(Fevolden et al, , 2002Pottinger and Carrick, 1999a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is considerable interindividual variability in stress-induced cortisol levels and this has a genetic basis (Fevolden et al, 2002). Lines of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with divergent low and high cortisol responses to stressors have been produced by selective breeding, and these offer potential for optimising performance of fish under intensive rearing conditions in aquaculture (Fevolden et al, 1993(Fevolden et al, , 2002Pottinger and Carrick, 1999a). However, little is known as yet of the functional benefits or costs of being a high-or low-responder to stressors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergence of endocrine and metabolic responses to stress in two rainbow trout lines selected for differing cortisol responsiveness to stress

Trenzado

Carrick

Pottinger

2003

General and Comparative Endocrinology

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Abstract. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) of two lines selected for low (LR) and high (HR) cortisol stress-responsiveness were subjected to confinement for a period of 336 hours.Endocrine (plasma cortisol, hepatic cortisol binding) and metabolic (plasma glucose, lactate, amino acids; hepatic glycogen and alanine aminotransferase levels) indices of stress were measured at intervals in confined and unconfined fish of both lines. During confinement plasma cortisol concentration reached maximum values earlier in HR fish (2 hours) than in LR fish (6 hours) returning to control values within 336 hours in both lines. Paradoxically, although both HR and LR lines displayed a characteristic metabolic stress response, these changes were more pronounced in LR fish. Plasma glucose and lactate levels increased during confinement in both lines but to a significantly greater extent in LR fish. Confinement significantly elevated plasma amino acids to a greater extent in LR fish than in HR fish. Liver glycogen concentration was depleted most rapidly in LR fish but was significantly higher in confined fish of both lines than controls at the end of the experiment. No significant changes were observed in hepatic alanine aminotransferase activity during confinement. Confined fish of both lines displayed a decrease in hepatic cortisol receptor abundance within 24 h and this was more sustained in HR fish. The more pronounced disturbance of a broad range of indicators of stress in confined LR fish, compared to HR fish, throws doubt on the magnitude of the cortisol response being the primary driver of these differences.

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“…Selection for rapid growth yields a correlated response in aggression only when food is defensible (experiment on medaka: Ruzzante and Doyle, 1991). In Atlantic salmon, as in rainbow trout, the cortisol response to acute confinement (crowding) is highly heritable (h 2 5 0.41: Pottinger and Carrick, 1999; h 2 5 0.50: Fevolden et al, 2002) and predicts the behavioural response of fish in a number of situations (Øverli et al, 2006). With divergent selection, the highly responsive fish were more active but showed a slower return to feeding activity when placed in a novel environment than poorly responsive fish (Øverli et al, 2005;Schjolden et al, 2005).…”

Section: Genetics Of the Behavioural Response To Changes In The Sociamentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of behavioural adaptation of livestock to farming conditions

Canario

Mignon-Grasteau²,

Dupont‐Nivet

et al. 2013

Animal

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Behavioural adaptation of farm animals to environmental changes contributes to high levels of production under a wide range of farming conditions, from highly controlled indoor systems to harsh outdoor systems. The genetic variation in livestock behaviour is considerable. Animals and genotypes with a larger behavioural capacity for adaptation may cope more readily with varying farming conditions than those with a lower capacity for adaptation. This capacity should be exploited when the aim is to use a limited number of species extensively across the world. The genetics of behavioural traits is understood to some extent, but it is seldom accounted for in breeding programmes. This review summarizes the estimates of genetic parameters for behavioural traits in cattle, pigs, poultry and fish. On the basis of the major studies performed in the last two decades, we focus the review on traits of common interest in the four species. These concern the behavioural responses to both acute and chronic stressors in the physical environment (feed, temperature, etc.) and those in the social environment (other group members, progeny, humans). The genetic strategies used to improve the behavioural capacity for adaptation of animals differ between species. There is a greater emphasis on responses to acute environmental stress in fish and birds, and on responses to chronic social stress in mammals.

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Selection response of cortisol and lysozyme in rainbow trout and correlation to growth

Cited by 96 publications

References 29 publications

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Divergence of endocrine and metabolic responses to stress in two rainbow trout lines selected for differing cortisol responsiveness to stress

Genetics of behavioural adaptation of livestock to farming conditions

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