Selection With Regard to the Sex Difference of Body Weight in Mice

Korkman, N.

doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1957.tb03467.x

Cited by 19 publications

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“…In a broader context, studies of mammalian dimorphism, and specifically of dimorphism in the nonhuman primates, indicate that explanatory models must be more general than the human studies by themselves might suggest. Such a broader context is dictated by studies of dimorphism in groups as diverse as amphibians and reptiles (50,251,265,270,315), bats (220), rodents (78,178), decapods (3), insects (28,90), and birds (9,24,74,76,234,261,262,264,279). The nonhuman primate literature is particularly extensive (7,14,17,29,56,57,69,77,96,97,107,108,116,140,144,146,161,187,188,193,(195)(196)(197)212,224,232,233,…”

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confidence: 99%

Sexual Dimorphism

2013

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INTRODUCTION That the human species exhibits sexual dimorphism in size, shape, and behavior is an obvious conclusion from anyone's simple participation in society. It is common knowledge that males have a larger stature than females, more robust cranial and facial features, along with greater muscularity, strength, and speed. In all human groups, male tooth size exceeds that for females, females store more subcutaneous fat, males have proportionally more muscle fiber, preand postnatal hormonal levels differ, growth rates vary, and diseases affect the sexes differentially (122a, 278). The fact that most of these differences do not occur in infants, children, and subadults, but are typical primarily in the adult stage, indicates that many of the effects are the result of hormonal events occurring at puberty (23). Like the primary sexual characteristics (i.e. differences in external genitalia), secondary sexual characteristics are largely controlled or mediated by X-linked genes (247), although they differ in control from the primary ones in that the environment has a more direct influence on their expression. For example, muscular differences between males and females converge when comparing an athletically active female to a nonactive male. As another measure of plasticity, nutritionally deprived adolescent males have a greater reduction in realized stature than females suffering similar protein shortages. Differences in the plasticity of males and females, along with the underlying genetic differences, provide evidence for a long-term selection regime in which human males and females, each in their own ways, have responded to reproductive, environmental, and cultural factors. The intentõ f this review is to establish what can and cannot be said about human sexual

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confidence: 99%

Sexual Dimorphism

2013

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Genetic analysis of sexual dimorphism in serum apo AI and HDL‐C concentrations in baboons

Towne

Blangero

Mott

1992

American J Primatol

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Sexual dimorphism is evident in many quantitative genetic traits, and there has been much speculation on the evolution of primate sexual dimorphism. Morphological characters have been the main focus of attention, while sexual dimorphism in physiological quantitative traits has been neglected. In either case, the genetic basis of primate sexual dimorphism has received little attention. This study characterizes genotype by sex (GxS) interactions in two physiological traits, serum apolipoprotein A1 (apo AI) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations, in baboons fed two different diets, a basal diet and a high cholesterol saturated fat (HCSF) diet. A GxS interaction effect on a trait indicates a heritable component of male/female differences in that trait. Using maximum likelihood methods, eight different quantitative genetic models were evaluated. Significant GxS interactions were found for serum apo A1 and HDL-C concentrations on the basal diet. GxS interactions were suggested for serum apo A1 and HDL-C concentrations on the HCSF diet, but they were not statistically significant. These results reveal that sexual dimorphisms in serum apo A1 and HDL-C concentrations in baboons are heritable, with heritabilities that are influenced by diet. 0 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Variation in pelvic size between males and females in nonhuman anthropoids

Tague

1995

American J Phys Anthropol

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Whether there is a sexual difference in phenotypic variance has been the subject of theoretical and empirical studies. The presence of such a difference is integral to some models on the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Several studies report that males are more variable than females for nonpelvic measures. This study tests for a sexual difference in variability of the pelvis. Phenotypic variance is a correlate of both the intensity and mode of selection. In both sexes, the pelvis is subject primarily to stabilizing selection. However, selection intensity is greater among females than among males because only among females does the pelvis function as a birth canal and, thereby, serve as a proximate cause of death. As selection intensity and phenotypic variability are inversely related under stabilizing selection, the implication is that females should be less variable than males in pelvic size and shape. However, the results of previous studies on this issue are equivocal or contradictory. This study compares the sexes for differences in pelvic variability by analyzing nine species (and ten samples) of nonhuman anthropoids. Data were collected on 16 measures of the pelvis; only adults were used. Levene's univariate and multivariate tests for relative variation were used in the analysis. The results show that the sexes do not differ significantly in pelvic variability either within or among the nine samples of noncaptive anthropoids. Only in the one sample of captive specimens (Saimiri sciureus) do the sexes differ significantly in pelvic variability, with males being more variable than females. Two interpretations are derived from these results. First, the sexual difference in variability in captive Saimiri may be due either to a bias in the selection of Saimiri specimens by the captors/experimentors or to a sexual difference in growth associated with the stress of captivity. Second, the sexes do not differ in pelvic variability among noncaptive anthropoids because the anlage of the pelvis is bipotential in development. The intrinsic (i.e., agonadal) pattern of growth and development is that characteristic of a female. Testicular androgens are requisite to redirect the pattern of growth and development to that characteristic of a male. However, the redirected pattern of growth in males simply shifts en masse the intrinsic (i.e., female) distribution curve. The consequence among adults is sexual dimorphism in pelvic size, but sexual equivalency in relative pelvic variability.

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Selection With Regard to the Sex Difference of Body Weight in Mice

Cited by 19 publications

References 2 publications

Sexual Dimorphism

Sexual Dimorphism

Genetic analysis of sexual dimorphism in serum apo AI and HDL‐C concentrations in baboons

Variation in pelvic size between males and females in nonhuman anthropoids

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