“…In addition, oxidative desulfurization is a promising method for the removal of some thiophenic sulfur compounds that are not effectively removed from fuels by hydrodesulfurization . There are many catalytic systems for the selective oxidation of sulfides using activated oxidants such as organic hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) − or O 2 in combination with reductants − and photoirradiation. − In particular, high activity (tens of thousands of turnover numbers (TONs) in some cases), excellent chemo- and enantioselectivity, and broad substrate scope can be achieved for the sulfoxidation with tert -butyl hydroperoxide and H 2 O 2 in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Ti, V, Mn, Fe, W, and Re. − On the other hand, examples of catalytic oxidation of inactive aryl sulfides with O 2 as the sole oxidant without the need for additives are still limited. − Ce- and Pd-based homogeneous systems promote the sulfoxidation under mild reaction conditions; however, the catalyst/product separation and reuse of the catalysts are very difficult. In addition, heterogeneous systems have several drawbacks, such as low applicability, activity, and selectivity, and requirements of high reaction temperatures, additives, or specific solvents to achieve high catalytic performance (see Table S1).…”