Synthetic oxytocin and vasopressin agonists and antagonists have become important tools for research and were instrumental in the identification of the four known receptor subtypes, Via, V,, V,, (V,) and oxytocin, of these peptide hormones. However, the relative lack of receptor selectivity, particularly of the antagonists, has limited their usefulness as experimental probes and their potential as therapeutic agents. We now present some findings from our continuing studies aimed at the design of more selective oxytocin and vasopressin agonists and antagonists and a structure-activity relationship update on our recently discovered novel hypotensive vasopressin peptides. Bioassays have been, and continue to be, of critical importance in leading to the discovery of the novel agonists, antagonists and hypotensive peptides reported here. This paper highlights three main aspects of these studies. (1) Replacement of the tyrosine' and/or phenylalanine3 residues in the V, agonist deamino,[Va14, ~-Arg~]arginine-vasopressin (dVDAVP) by thienylalanine resulted in selective V, agonists with strikingly high potencies. However, the peptide solutions were unstable and lost activity over time. These highly potent V, agonists, which are devoid of vasopressor activity, are promising leads for improving drugs for treating diabetes insipidus, enuresis and coagulation disorders. (2) (1895) injected an extract of the pituitary gland into an anaesthetised dog and found that the extract had a potent vasopressor activity. A decade later, Dale (1906) while studying the vasopressor action of the pituitary extract discovered that the extract also possessed a powerful stimulating action on Ihe smooth muscle of the uterus. These observations were the first experimental evidence that ultimately established the biological functions of the posterior pituitary gland and its hormones: vasopressin and oxytocin. The two historical findings were incidental discoveries uncovered during an exploration of the biological activities of pituitary extracts in intact whole animal experiments. The overriding theme of this review is the discovery of a series of novel, selective, hypotensive vasopressin peptides. Like the pioneering work noted above, the hypotensive activity of these vasopressin peptides was also discovered incidentally while we were carrying out bioassay characterisations on a series of newly designed vasopressin V, receptor antagonists aimed at developing more selective and potent V, receptor antagonists.Publication of The Physiological Society