Selective attention: A reevaluation of the implications of negative priming.

Milliken, Bruce; Joordens, Steve; Merikle, Philip M.; Seiffert, Adriane E.

doi:10.1037/0033-295x.105.2.203

Cited by 317 publications

(498 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…In contrast, groups did not differ in their priming scores for neutral words or for OCD-related, idiographic positive words. Previous studies have shown non-anxious individuals exhibit either no priming or positive priming in NP paradigms that employ non-conflict probe displays (e.g., Milliken et al, 1998;see Fox, 1995 for a review; Frings & Wentura, 2006, Exp 1A and 1B). Frings and Wentura (2006) examined NP in this paradigm in a series of experiments in order to identify the mechanism responsible for this lack of NP.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, disagreements over interpretation of the finding persist (e.g., Frings & Wentura, 2006;MacLeod, Chiappe, & Fox, 2002;Tipper, 2001). Theories attempting to explain NP include: selective inhibition (e.g., Houghton & Tipper, 1994); feature mismatch (Lowe, 1979;Milliken, Tipper, & Weaver, 1994;Park & Kanwisher;; episodic retrieval Neill, Valdes, Terry, & Gorfein, 1992;Rothermund, Wentura, & De Houwer, 2005); and temporal discrimination (Milliken, Joordens, Merikle, & Seiffert, 1998). The selective inhibition and episodic retrieval accounts have received the most support.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Threat processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from a modified negative priming task

Amir

Cobb

Morrison

2008

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often experience intrusive thoughts. These intrusions may be due to biases in information processing mechanisms, including attention, memory, and learning. To examine this hypothesis, we presented a modified negative priming (NP) paradigm with idiographically-selected words to 19 individuals with OCD (OCs) and 19 matched non-anxious control participants (NACs). The words included OCD-relevant threat, OCD-relevant positive, and neutral words. This paradigm typically elicits positive priming because participants may learn the contingency between the prime and probe that facilitates responding (Frings, C., & Wentura, D. (2006). Strategy effects counteract distractor inhibition: Negative priming with constantly absent probe distractors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 854-864). As predicted, NACs showed facilitation (i.e., positive priming) rather than NP for all word types, whereas OCs exhibited facilitation for only neutral words. For positive words, OCs exhibited no priming and for threat words they exhibited NP. These results suggest that for idiographic, OCDrelevant threat information, individuals with OCD show difficulty learning the contingency between the information in the prime and probe displays relative to the NACs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Threat processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from a modified negative priming task

Amir

Cobb

Morrison

2008

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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“…However, the standard suppression account of negative priming was called into question by Milliken et al (1998), who showed that negative priming can also be observed in situations where the first presentation of the repeated item does not specifically call for it to be ignored. Specifically, we focus here on Experiment 2A from Milliken et al (1998), where participants had to name a target word printed in red, while ignoring a distractor word printed in green.…”

Section: Example 3: Negative Primingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, we focus here on Experiment 2A from Milliken et al (1998), where participants had to name a target word printed in red, while ignoring a distractor word printed in green.…”

Section: Example 3: Negative Primingmentioning

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Bayesian tests to quantify the result of a replication attempt.

Verhagen¹,

Wagenmakers²

2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

283

357

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Replication attempts are essential to the empirical sciences. Successful replication attempts increase researchers' confidence in the presence of an effect, whereas failed replication attempts induce skepticism and doubt. However, it is often unclear to what extent a replication attempt results in success or failure. To quantify replication outcomes we propose a novel Bayesian replication test that compares the adequacy of two competing hypotheses. The first hypothesis is that of the skeptic and holds that the effect is spurious; this is the null hypothesis that postulates a zero effect size, H 0 : δ = 0. The second hypothesis is that of the proponent and holds that the effect is consistent with the one found in the original study, an effect that can be quantified by a posterior distribution. Hence, the second hypothesis -the replication hypothesis-is given by H r : δ ∼ "posterior distribution from original study". The weighted likelihood ratio between H 0 and H r quantifies the evidence that the data provide for replication success and failure. In addition to the new test, we present several other Bayesian tests that address different but related questions concerning a replication study. These tests pertain to the independent conclusions of the separate experiments, the difference in effect size between the original experiment and the replication attempt, and the overall conclusion based on the pooled results. Together, this suite of Bayesian tests allows a relatively complete formalization of the way in which the result of a replication attempt alters our knowledge of the phenomenon at hand. The use of all Bayesian replication tests is illustrated with three examples from the literature. For experiments analyzed using the t test, computation of the new replication test only requires the t values and the numbers of participants from the original study and the replication study.

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Consciousness

Banks¹,

Farber²

2003

Handbook of Psychology

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Though unfashionable for much of the midtwentieth century, consciousness regained some respectability in the last two decades of the century and is now a hot topic for psychological research and theory. This resurgence was driven partly by the general rise of cognitive psychology and partly by more specific developments in experimental methodology and technology. Even within science, the study of consciousness is cross‐disciplinary and diverse, and so in this chapter we present work from a variety of experimental paradigms and traditions; within cognitive psychology, topics include subliminal perception, implicit cognition, and the effects of attention. Neuroscience has also become one of the major loci of work on consciousness, and so we provide an extended discussion of the relevant experimental work and of some of the latest theories about the neural basis of consciousness. We also discuss the theoretical and methodological challenges involved in applying the scientific method to subjective phenomena, and provide a brief summary of philosophical and early scientific approaches. The science of consciousness is admittedly still fragmentary, but it is remarkable how much has been discovered in a relatively short span of time, and in conclusion we offer a few predictions about the likely outlines of future progress.

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Selective attention: A reevaluation of the implications of negative priming.

Cited by 317 publications

References 117 publications

Threat processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from a modified negative priming task

Threat processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from a modified negative priming task

Bayesian tests to quantify the result of a replication attempt.

Consciousness

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