Selective biomarkers for inflammation and infection are associated with post-operative complications following transperineal template prostate biopsy (TTPB): a single-centre observational clinical pilot-study

Abstract

Background Prostate cancer (PCa) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are the most common prostate disorders in the UK, which cause considerable ill health in older men. Transperineal template prostate biopsy (TTPB) has emerged as a reliable procedure for the histopathological diagnosis of PCa and BPH due to its higher cancer detection rates. Although antiseptic preparation and antibiotic prophylaxis are used to ensure safety in patients undergoing surgical intervention, post-operative complications, such as infection and bleeding are still unavoidable, resulting in re-admissions, with resource implications. Currently, there is no biomarker profile to predict outcomes or monitor patients during the post-operative course. The main aim of this single-centre observational clinical pilot-study was to investigate the role of inflammatory and infection biomarkers following TTPB and their association with post-operative complications. Methods Forty-five patients scheduled for elective TTPB were recruited after informed consent at the Wrexham Maelor and Glan Clwyd Hospitals, North Wales, UK (n = 45). Prior to surgery, venous blood samples were collected at baseline and subsequently at 30, 120, and 240 min post-operatively. Urine samples were collected before and 120 min after the procedure. Serum procalcitonin (PCT), serum ferritin, and urine B2MG analysis were done using enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) and the magnetic Luminex® multiplex performance assay was used to analyse IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α plasma concentrations. Data on clinical outcomes were collected from patients’ medical records. Results Following TTPB, significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases were observed in uB2MG, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α. Significant decreases were observed in ferritin (p ≤ 0.05). No significant change was observed in PCT concentration (p ≥ 0.05). One patient developed an infection and severe haematuria post-operatively following TTPB. Conclusion Although not confirmative, changes seen in biomarkers such as uB2MG, IL-10 and TNF-α in our observational clinical pilot-study may warrant further investigation, involving larger cohorts, to fully understand the role of these biomarkers and their potential association with post-operative complications such as infection and bleeding which can develop following TTPB for the diagnosis of PCa and BPH.

Evaluation of the Clinical Application Value of Cytokine Expression Profiles in the Differential Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

“…Multiple studies have shown that Th17 cells are considered an important group of cells that mediate in ammatory responses, and the release of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by Th17 cells contributes to the maintenance of chronic in ammatory states and the development of a cancer-promoting microenvironment, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of PCa [10][11][12][13]. In addition, recent studies have indicated that interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have different expressions in PCa tissues [14][15][16]. Another study found that interleukin-8 (IL-8) is also expressed in various cancers such as gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, and lung cancer to varying degrees [17][18][19][20].…”

Evaluation of the clinical application value of cytokine expression profiles in the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer

“…Multiple studies have shown that Th17 cells are considered an important group of cells that mediate inflammatory responses, and the release of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by Th17 cells contributes to the maintenance of chronic inflammatory states and the development of a cancer-promoting microenvironment, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of PCa [10][11][12][13]. In addition, recent studies have indicated that interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have different expressions in PCa tissues [14][15][16]. Another study found that interleukin-8 (IL-8) is also expressed in various cancers such as gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, and lung cancer to varying degrees [17][18][19][20].…”